Advice on surfing holidays
听力原文
Woman: Jack, I’m thinking of taking the kids to the seaside on a surfing holiday this summer and I wanted to ask your advice – as I know you’re such an expert.
Jack: Well, I don’t know about that, but yes, I’ve done a bit of surfing over the years. I’d thoroughly recommend it. I think it’s the kind of holiday all the family can enjoy together. The thing about surfing is that it’s great for all ages and all abilities. My youngest started when he was only three!
Woman: Wow! But it’s quite physically demanding, isn’t it? I’ve heard you need to be pretty fit.
Jack: Yes. You’ll certainly learn more quickly and won’t tire as easily.
Woman: Well – that should be OK for us. You’ve been surfing a few times in Ireland, haven’t you?
Jack: Yes. There’s some great surfing there, which people don’t always realise.
Woman: And which locations would you recommend? – there seem to be quite a few.
Jack: Yes, there are loads. Last year we went to County Donegal. There are several great places to surf there.
Woman: What about in County Clare? I read that’s also really good for surfing.
Jack: Yes, it is. I’ve been there a few times. Most people go to Lahinch. My kids love it there. The waves aren’t too challenging and the town is very lively.
Woman: Are there good hotels there?
Jack: Yes – some very nice ones and there are also a few basic hostels and campsites. It’s great if you need lessons as the surf schools are excellent.
Woman: Sounds good.
Jack: Yes and there’s lots to see in the area – like those well-known cliffs – … I’ve forgotten the name of them …
Woman: Oh don’t worry – I can look them up.
Jack: I’ve also been surfing in County Mayo, which is less well-known for surfing, but we had a really good time. That was a few years ago when the kids were younger. There’s a good surf school at Carrowniskey beach.
Woman: How do you spell that?
Jack: C-A-double R-O-W-N-I-S-K-E-Y
Woman: OK.
Jack: I put the kids into the surf camp they run during the summer for 10–16 year olds.
Woman: Oh right. How long was that for?
Jack: Three hours every day for a week. It was perfect – they were so tired out after that.
Woman: I can imagine.
Jack: One thing we did while the kids were surfing was to rent some kayaks to have a look around the bay which is nearby. It’s really beautiful.
kayaks /ˈkaɪæks/ （带顶轻巧的）独木舟，单人划子
Woman: Oh, I’d love to do that.
Woman: Now the only time I went to Ireland it rained practically every day.
Jack: Mmm yes – that can be a problem – but you can surf in the rain, you know.
Woman: It doesn’t have the same appeal, somehow.
Jack: Well, the weather’s been fine the last couple of years when I’ve been there, but actually, it tends to rain more in August than in the spring or autumn. September’s my favourite month because the water is warmer then.
Woman: The only problem is that the kids are back to school then.
Jack: I know. But one good thing about Irish summers is that it doesn’t get too hot. The average temperature is about 19 degrees and it usually doesn’t go above 25 degrees.
Woman: That sounds alright. Now what about costs?
Jack: Surfing is a pretty cheap holiday really – the only cost is the hire of equipment. You can expect to pay a daily rate of about 30 euros for the hire of a wetsuit and board – but you can save about 40 euros if you hire by the week.
Woman: That’s not too bad.
Jack: No. It’s important to make sure you get good quality wetsuits – you’ll all get too cold if you don’t. And make sure you also get boots. They keep your feet warm and it’s easier to surf with them on too.
Woman: OK. Well, thanks very much …
euros, /ˈjʊərəʊz/ 欧元
wetsuit, /ˈwetsuːt/ 潜水衣
boots, /buːts/ N-COUNT 靴子
听力题目
Jack’s advice
- Recommends surfing for family holidays in the summer
- Need to be quite fit
Irish surfing locations
- County Clare
- Lahinch has some good quality hotels and surf schools
- There are famous cliffs nearby
- County Mayo
- Good surf school at Carrowniskey beach
- Surf camp lasts for one week
- Can also explore the local bay by kayak
Weather
- Best month to go: September
- Average temperature in summer: approx 19 degrees
Costs
- Equipment
- Wetsuit and surfboard: 30 euros per day
- Also advisable to hire boots for warmth
school’s extended hours childcare service
听力原文
Good afternoon. My name’s Mrs Carter and I run the before and after school extended hours childcare service. I hope you’ve had a chance to have a good look around the school and talk to staff and pupils. I know that many of you are interested in using our childcare service when your child joins the school, and perhaps you already know something about it, but for those that don’t, I’ll go through the main details now.
the before and after school, 上学前和放学后
extended hours, 延长的时间。extended /ɪkˈstendɪd/ ADJ （时间）长的，延长的
childcare service, 儿童保育服务
We offer childcare for children from the ages of four to eleven both before and after school. I know that many parents who work find this service invaluable. You can leave your child with us safe in the knowledge that they will be extremely well cared for.
We are insured to provide care for up to 70 children, although we rarely have this many attending at any one session. I think we generally expect around 50–60 children for the afternoon sessions and about half that number for the breakfast sessions. Although we currently do have 70 children registered with us, not all of these attend every day. It’s ten years since we began offering an extended hours service and we’ve come a long way during that time. When we first opened, we only had about 20 children attending regularly.
provide care for up to 70 children, 为多达70名儿童提供照顾
we rarely have this many, 我们很少有这么多人(many是代词)
afternoon sessions, 下午时间段。session /ˈseʃn/ N-COUNT (某项活动的)一段时间，一场，一节
breakfast sessions, 早上时间段。session /ˈseʃn/ N-COUNT (某项活动的)一段时间，一场，一节
We try to keep our costs as low as we can and we think we provide very good value for money. For the afternoon sessions, which run from 3.30 until 6 p.m., it’s £7.20. But if you prefer, you can pay for one hour only, which costs £3.50, or two hours which costs £5.70.
The cost of the childcare includes food and snacks. They’ll be given breakfast in the morning and in the afternoon, a healthy snack as soon as they finish school. At 5 p.m. children are given something more substantial, such as pasta or a casserole. Please inform us of any allergies that your child might have and we’ll make sure they’re offered a suitable alternative.
something more substantial, 更实质性的东西(更具饱腹感的食物) /səbˈstænʃl/ ADJ-GRADED (建筑物)大而坚固的，结实的，牢固的
pasta, /ˈpæstə/ N-MASS 面食（如意大利面条、通心粉等）
casserole, /ˈkæsərəʊl/ N-COUNT (以肉、蔬菜为原料做成的)炖菜，砂锅菜
any allergies that your child might have, 你的孩子可能有任何过敏反应。 /ˈælədʒiz/
allergy, /ˈælədʒi/ N-VAR 过敏反应；过敏症
a suitable alternative, 合适的替代方案(合适的其他食物)
As you may know, the childcare service runs through the school holidays from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. We offer a really varied and exciting programme to keep the children entertained – we don’t want them to feel as if they are still at school! It will also feel different because they’ll get the chance to make new friends with children from other schools – spaces are available for them because a lot of our term-time children don’t always attend during the holiday. In the past, parents have asked if children over the age of 11 are allowed to come with their younger brothers and sisters – but I’m afraid we’re unable to do this because of the type of insurance we have.
So now let me tell you about some of the activities that your child can do during the afterschool sessions. As well as being able to use the playground equipment, computers and the library, there is usually at least one ‘special’ activity that children can do each day. For example, Spanish. We have a specialist teacher coming in every Thursday to give a basic introduction to the language through games and songs. She does two sessions: one for the over 8s and one for the younger children. This is the only activity which we have to make an extra charge for – but it’s well worth it.
one for the over 8s and one for the younger children, 一个是针对8岁以上的孩子，另一个是针对更小的孩子
make an extra charge, 额外收费
Once a week the children have the opportunity to do some music. We’re very lucky that one of our staff is a member of a folk band. On Mondays, she teaches singing and percussion to groups of children. We do rely on parental support for this, so if any of you sing or play an instrument and would be prepared to help out at these sessions, we’d be delighted.
rely on parental support, 依靠父母的支持。parental /pəˈrentl/ ADJ 父母的
be prepared to help out at these sessions, 愿意在这写课程（音乐课）上帮忙 /ˈsɛʃənz/ session /ˈseʃn/ N-COUNT (某项活动的)一段时间，一场，一节
prepared, /prɪˈpeəd/ ADJ 愿意（做…）的 be ~ to
we’d be delighted, 我们会很高兴的 /dɪˈlaɪtɪd/
Painting continues to be one of the most popular activities. To begin with we weren’t keen on offering this because of the extra mess involved, but children kept asking if they could do some art and so we finally gave in. Art is great for helping the children to relax after working hard at school all day.
the extra mess involved, 涉及的额外混乱
kept asking, 不停地问 /kept/
gave in, /ɡeɪv/ PHRASAL VERB 屈从；让步
give in, /ɡɪv ɪn/ PHRASAL VERB 屈从；让步
Yoga is something that we’ve been meaning to introduce for some time but haven’t been able to find anyone available to teach it – until now that is. So we’ll see how this goes. Hopefully, children will benefit in all sorts of ways from this.
Cooking is another popular activity. They make a different sort of cake, or pizza or bread each week. Although the younger children love doing it, we found that the mess was just too much, so we’ve decided to restrict this to the over 8s, as they are better able to clean up after themselves.
we found that the mess was just too much, 我们发现(他们搞得)一团糟
restrict this to the over 8s, 将其限制在8岁以上
clean up after themselves, 自己收拾干净 相当于 clean up by themselves
听力题目
Which TWO facts are given about the school’s extended hours childcare service?
- A.It started recently.
- B.More children attend after school than before school.
- C.An average of 50 children attend in the mornings.
- D.A child cannot attend both the before and after school sessions.
- E.The maximum number of children who can attend is 70.
How much does childcare cost for a complete afternoon session per child?
- A.£3.50
- B.£5.70
- C.£7.20
What does the manager say about food?
- A.Children with allergies should bring their own food.
- B.Children may bring healthy snacks with them.
- C.Children are given a proper meal at 5 p.m.
a proper meal, 一顿丰盛的饭。
proper, /ˈprɒpə(r)/ [only before noun] (英国英语， informal)真正的；像样的；名副其实的 that you consider to be real and of a good enough standard
Children with allergies, 有过敏的儿童 /ˈælədʒiz/
What is different about arrangements in the school holidays?
- A.Children from other schools can attend.
- B.Older children can attend.
- C.A greater number of children can attend.
Spanish：E.involves an additional fee
Music：D.requires help from parents
Painting：G.was requested by children
Yoga：F.is a new activity
Cooking：C.is for over 8s only
A.has limited availability
B.is no longer available
involves an additional fee, 涉及额外费用
is for over 8s only, 仅适用于8岁以上（的儿童）
has limited availability, “供应有限”或“可用性有限” /əˌveɪlə’bɪləti/
Holly’s Work Placement Tutorial
听力原文
Holly: Hello Dr Green – I’m here to talk to you about my work placement.
Tutor: Oh yes, it’s Holly, isn’t it?
Holly: Yes.
Tutor: So, which work placement have you chosen?
Holly: I decided to go for the Orion Stadium placement. The event I’ll be managing is one where I’m helping to set up a sports competition for primary school children.
Tutor: Yup. That’s always a popular placement – even though it can be tougher than you think working with children.
Holly: I know, but it’s the fresh air that attracts me – organising something indoors doesn’t have the same appeal, even though it might be fun.
Holly’s Work Placement Tutorial, Holly的工作实习教程
work placement, /ˈwɜːk pleɪsmənt/ = placement [不可数名词, 可数名词] (英国英语)实习工作；实习课
placement,/ˈpleɪsmənt/ [不可数名词， 可数名词] (英国英语)实习工作；实习课
go for, /ɡəʊ fɔː(r)/ PHRASAL VERB 选择；挑选
set up a sports competition, 组织一场体育竞赛
set up, ①建立，创立（公司、机构、系统、工作方式等） ②安排，策划
organising something indoors, 在室内组织一些活动
Tutor: OK, so obviously safety’s going to be one of your key concerns for this event.
Holly: Yes, I’ve already thought about that. I’ll need to make sure none of the equipment’s damaged.
Tutor: Ah well, you’ll be working with schools, so the equipment will be their responsibility. However, the grounds and what goes on there will be yours.
Holly: Oh I see – that’ll include keeping everyone within the boundary once they’re in their kit and on the field?
Tutor: Exactly – you’ll need to inspect areas like changing rooms as well for anything someone can trip over, but your main priority will be not to lose anyone!
keeping everyone within the boundary, 让每个人都在边界内 /ˈbaʊndri/
they’re in their kit and on the field, 他们穿着装备，进入场地
kit, /kɪt/ N-UNCOUNT （尤指某运动的）全套衣服和装备
field, /fiːld/ N-COUNT 运动场;球场
inspect areas like changing rooms, 检查更衣室等区域
inspect, /ɪnˈspekt/ 检查;审视
inspect B for C, 检查B是否有C
changing rooms, /ˈtʃeɪndʒɪŋ ruːmz/ N-COUNT (体育中心等的)更衣室
trip over something, 因某物而绊倒
inspect areas like changing rooms as well for anything someone can trip over, 也要检查更衣室等区域，看是否有绊倒人的东西
as well, 也，同样
main priority, 主要优先事项 /praɪˈɒrəti/
Holly: Right. I’ll need staff to help with that.
Tutor: And don’t forget about the spectators.
Holly: Mmm. I was thinking that many of them will be parents, who could help run the event.
Tutor: I wouldn’t rely on that. They’ll be more interested in filming their children than volunteering.
Holly: I’ll need to make sure they don’t interfere with events doing that!
Tutor: And that’s not always easy, especially when a proud parent’s trying to get a snap of their child and you want them to move elsewhere.
spectators, /spɛkˈteɪtəz/ N-COUNT (尤指体育比赛的)观众
filming their children, 拍摄他们的孩子
interfere with events, 干扰事件(赛事)
interfere, /ˌɪntəˈfɪə(r)/ VERB 干涉;干预;介入
“doing that”作为状语，指的是前面提到的某个行为或动作
get a snap of their child, 给他们的孩子拍张照
snap, /snæp/ N-COUNT 照片
Holly: OK. What about the scheduling?
Tutor: With sporting events there are all sorts of things that can alter the timetable – like rain, for instance – though so far, we’ve always been lucky with that.
Holly: Yeah, and I was thinking about what to do if someone got hurt as well. I know that last year that caused a terrible delay.
Tutor: You have to be prepared for such things.
Holly: Oh. What if a match ends in a draw – do you let the teams keep going until someone wins?
Tutor: That’ll be up to you – and again, you need to plan for it.
Holly: Right.
What if a match ends in a draw, 如果比赛以平局结束怎么办
what if, /wɒt ɪf/ (用于疑问句句首，尤用于询问不希望看到的事发生时的结果)如果…怎么办
draw, /drɔː/ (especially 英国英语)平局；和局；不分胜负
Tutor: Now, the aim of your work placement is to give you the opportunity to develop the skills that an events manager needs. So, let’s talk about those a bit.
Holly: Well, I think my communication skills are pretty good. I can talk on the phone to people and book venues and that kind of thing.
Tutor: Good – just remember it isn’t only about what you say. If you meet someone face-to-face and want to persuade them to be a sponsor, for example …
Holly: Oh, I’ll dress up for that! Sure.
Tutor: Good. Let’s go on to think about your organisational skills. You’re working in a very people-based industry and that means things won’t always go to plan.
Holly: I guess it’s being prepared to make changes that matters.
Tutor: That’s right. You may have to make an on-the-spot change to a timetable because of a problem you hadn’t anticipated …
Holly: … just do it! OK.
book venues, 预订场地 /ˈvenjuːz/
venue, /ˈvenjuː/ N-COUNT （事件或活动的）发生地,举办地点;场地
persuade them to be a sponsor, /pəˈsweɪd/ /ˈspɒnsə(r)/ 说服他们成为赞助商
dress up, /dres ʌp/ 穿正装，盛装 to put on formal clothes for a special occasion
things won’t always go to plan, 事情并不总是按计划进行
it’s being prepared to make changes that matters, 重要的是做好改变的准备
it’s … that… 形式主语
matter [可数名词] 课题；事情；问题 a subject or situation that you must consider or deal with
make an on-the-spot change to a timetable, 当场更改时间表
on-the-spot, /ɒn ðə spɒt/ ADJ 现场的；当场的
a problem you hadn’t anticipated, 一个你没有预料到的问题 /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪtɪd/
Tutor: How’s your time management these days?
Holly: I’m working on it – I’m certainly better when I have a deadline, which is why this work suits me.
Tutor: Yes, but it’s how you respond as that deadline approaches!
Holly: I know I’ve got to look calm even if I’m in a panic.
Tutor: Just think to yourself – no one must know I’m under pressure.
Holly: Yeah – even though I’m multi-tasking like crazy!
I’m working on it, 正在努力
deadline approaches, 截止日期临近
approach, /əˈprəʊtʃ/ VERB 靠近；接近；临近
I’ve got to look calm, 我必须保持冷静
have got to, (got可以省略) 必须
I’m in a panic, 我很恐慌
I’m multi-tasking, 我同时处理多项任务 /‘mʌlti ˈtɑːskɪŋ/ N-UNCOUNT 多重任务处理
Tutor: Another skill that events managers need is creativity. Often your client has what we call the ‘big picture’ idea, but it’s up to the events manager to think of all the fine points that go to making it work.
Holly: Right, so I need to listen carefully to that idea and then fill in all the gaps.
the big picture idea, 宏观的想法
the big picture, 大局，（事物的）主要部分，重点
events manager, 活动经理，获得管理者
all the fine points, 所有的细微之处 。fine ADJ-GRADED 纤细的;尖细的;微小的
making it work, 让它（ ‘big picture’ idea）起作用/有效
be up to sb, 是…的职责（或责任）；由…决定 (~ to do sth )
go to making it work, 使得客人的想法能够实施. go to doing : 有助于；促成；起作用
it’s up to the events manager to think of all the fine points that go to making it work, 活动经理有责任考虑使其发挥作用的所有细节
fill in all the gaps, “填补所有的空白”或“补上所有的不足之处”
Tutor: That’s right. And you’ll have a team working under you, so another key skill is leadership. Your team may have lots of ideas too, but you’ve got to make the ultimate choices. Do we have refreshments inside or out, for example?
Holly: Isn’t it better to be democratic?
Tutor: It’s a nice idea, but you have the ultimate responsibility. So, believe in what you think best. Be prepared to say ‘yes’, that’s a good idea but it won’t work here.
Holly: I see what you mean. What about the networking side of things? I know it’s an area that a lot of students worry about because we don’t have much experience to offer others.
Tutor: But even without it – you can still be an interesting person with useful ideas. And the more people you impress, the better.
Holly: I guess that will help me when I apply for a real job.
Tutor: Exactly – think ahead – remember what your ambitions are and keep them in mind.
Holly: Definitely.
And you’ll have a team working under you, 你会有一个团队在你的领导下工作
make the ultimate choices, 做出最终选择 /ˈʌltɪmət/
have refreshments, 吃点心 /rɪˈfreʃmənts/
refreshments, /rɪˈfreʃmənts/ N-PLURAL （会议或旅行等期间提供的）饮料，点心，茶点
refreshment, /rɪˈfreʃmənt/ N-UNCOUNT 食物；饮料
democratic, /ˌdeməˈkrætɪk/ ADJ 民主的;民主制度的;民主政体的
Isn’t it better to be democratic?, 民主不是更好吗？
the ultimate responsibility, 最终责任/ˈʌltɪmət/
networking, /ˈnetwɜːkɪŋ/ N-UNCOUNT 建立工作关系网
think ahead, 提前考虑：为未来的事件或情况做准备，思考可能发生的事情。
听力题目
Holly has chosen the Orion Stadium placement because
- A.it involves children.
- B.it is outdoors.
- C.it sounds like fun.
Which aspect of safety does Dr Green emphasise most?
- A.ensuring children stay in the stadium
- B.checking the equipment children will use
- C.removing obstacles in changing rooms
What does Dr Green say about the spectators?
- A.They can be hard to manage.
- B.They make useful volunteers.
- C.They shouldn’t take photographs.
What has affected the schedule in the past?
- A.bad weather
- B.an injury
- C.extra time
Events management skills
- Communication：C.having a smart appearance
- Organisation：A.being flexible
- Time management：D.hiding your emotions
- Creativity：B.focusing on details
- Leadership：F.trusting your own views
- Networking：H.thinking of the future
E.relying on experts
G.doing one thing at a time
having a smart appearance, 外表漂亮
being flexible, 灵活变通 /ˈfleksəbl/
hiding your emotions, 隐藏你的情绪
focusing on details, 注重细节
trusting your own views, 相信自己的观点
thinking of the future, 思考未来
relying on experts, 依靠专家
doing one thing at a time, 一次只做一件事
Bird Migration Theory
听力原文
Scientists believe that a majority of the earth’s bird population migrate in some fashion or other. Some travel seasonally for relatively short distances, such as birds that move from their winter habitats in lowlands to mountain tops for the summers. Others, like the Arctic Tern, travel more than 25,000 miles seasonally between the northern and southern poles. Bird migration has been studied over many centuries through a variety of observations.
in some fashion or other, 以这样或那样的方式 fashion /ˈfæʃ.ən/ [ S ] a way of doing things 方式
the Arctic Tern, /ðə ˈɑːktɪk tɜːn/ 北极燕鸥
But until relatively recently, where birds went to in the winter was considered something of a mystery. The lack of modern science and technology led to many theories that we now recognize as error-filled and even somewhat amusing. Take hibernation theory for example – two thousand years ago, it was commonly believed that when birds left an area, they went underwater to hibernate in the seas and oceans. Another theory for the regular appearance and disappearance of birds was that they spent winter hidden in mud till the weather changed and food became abundant again. The theory that some birds hibernate persisted until experiments were done on caged birds in the 1940s which demonstrated that birds have no hibernation instinct.
error-filled, adj．充满错误的 /ˈerə(r)/ /fɪld/
hibernation, /ˌhaɪbɜːˈneɪʃən/ n.冬眠
hibernate, /ˈhaɪbəneɪt/ vi.冬眠
the regular appearance and disappearance, 有规律的出现和消失
hidden in mud, 藏在泥里 /ˈhɪdn/
abundant, /əˈbʌndənt/ ADJ-GRADED 大量的；丰富的；充足的
The theory persisted, 理论一直存在 /pəˈsɪstɪd/
persist, [单独使用的动词] 维持；保持；持续存在 to continue to exist
caged birds, 笼中鸟 /keɪdʒd bɜːdz/
caged, /keɪdʒd/ ADJ 关在笼中的
hibernation instinct, 冬眠本能 /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/
One of the earliest naturalists and philosophers from ancient Greece was Aristotle who was the first writer to discuss the disappearance and reappearance of some bird species at certain times of year. He developed the theory of transmutation, the seasonal change of one species into another, by observing redstarts and robins. He observed that in the autumn, small birds called ‘redstarts’ began to lose their feathers, which convinced Aristotle that they changed into robins for the winter, and back into redstarts in the summer. These assumptions are understandable given that this pair of species are similar in shape, but are a classic example of an incorrect interpretation based on correct observations.
at certain times of year, 在一年中的某些时候
transmutation, /ˌtrænzmjuːˈteɪʃn/衍变，蜕变 the act or process of changing something completely， especially into something different
redstarts, / ˈredstɑːt / 红尾鸲
robins, /ˈrɒbɪnz/ 知更鸟
given that this pair of species are similar in shape, 考虑到这对物种的形状相似 given that /ˈɡɪvn ðət/ 鉴于；考虑到
an incorrect interpretation, 不正确的解释 /ɪnˌtɜːprəˈteɪʃn/ N-VAR 解释;说明;阐明
The most bizarre theory was put forward by an English amateur scientist, Charles Morton, in the seventeenth century. He wrote a surprisingly well-regarded paper claiming that birds migrate to the moon and back every year. He came to this conclusion as the only logical explanation for the total disappearance of some species.
bizarre, /bɪˈzɑː(r)/ ADJ-GRADED 奇异的；古怪的
migrate to the moon, 迁移到月球 /maɪˈɡreɪt/
came to this conclusion, 得出了这个结论
as the only logical explanation, 作为唯一合乎逻辑的解释
explanation for the total disappearance of some species, 某些物种完全消失的解释
One of the key moments in the development of migration theory came in 1822 when a white stork was shot in Germany. This particular stork made history because of the long spear in its neck which incredibly had not killed it – everyone immediately realised this spear was definitely not European. It turned out to be a spear from a tribe in Central Africa. This was a truly defining moment in the history of ornithology because it was the first evidence that storks spend their winters in sub-Saharan Africa. You can still see the ‘arrow stork’ in the Zoological Collection of the University of Rostock in Germany.
a white stork, 白鹳
the long spear in its neck, 它脖子上的长矛
spear, /spɪə(r)/ N-COUNT 矛;投枪;梭镖
It turned out to be a spear from a tribe in Central Africa, 原来是中非一个部落的长矛 /tɜːnd aʊt/
turn out sth, 结果是sth。 PHR-V-LINK (以某种方式)发生;最后是;结果是If something turns out a particular way，it happens in that way or has the result or degree of success indicated.
turn out to be sth, PHRASAL VERB 原来是;结果发现 If something turns out to be a particular thing， it is discovered to be that thing.
a truly defining moment, 一个真正具有决定性的时刻
defining, / dɪˈfaɪnɪŋ / 最典型的；起决定性作用的
ornithology, /ˌɔːnɪˈθɒlədʒi/ N-UNCOUNT 鸟类学
sub-Saharan Africa, /sʌb səˈhɑːrən ‘æfrɪkə/ 撒哈拉以南非洲
People gradually became aware that European birds moved south in autumn and north in summer but didn’t know much about it until the practice of catching birds and putting rings on their legs became established. Before this, very little information was available about the actual destinations of particular species and how they travelled there. People speculated that larger birds provided a kind of taxi service for smaller birds by carrying them on their backs. This idea came about because it seemed impossible that small birds weighing only a few grams could fly over vast oceans. This idea was supported by observations of bird behaviour such as the harassment of larger birds by smaller birds.
putting rings on their legs, 在腿上戴戒指 /rɪŋz/
the practice became established, 这种做法（或习惯、实践）逐渐确立/固定下来
destinations, /ˌdɛstɪˈneɪʃənz/ N-COUNT 目的地;终点
speculated, /ˈspekjuleɪtɪd/ VERB 推测;猜测;猜想
This idea came about, 这个想法产生了 /keɪm/
come about, /kʌm əˈbaʊt/ PHRASAL VERB 产生;发生 happened
small birds weighing only a few grams, 体重只有几克的小鸟 /græmz/ /ˈweɪɪŋ/
vast oceans, 浩瀚的海洋 /ˈəʊʃənz/
harassment, /ˈhærəsmənt/ N-UNCOUNT 骚扰;烦扰
The development of bird ringing, by a Danish schoolteacher, Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen, made many discoveries possible. This is still common practice today and relies upon what is known as ‘recovery’ – this is when ringed birds are found dead in the place they have migrated to, and identified. Huge amounts of data were gathered in the early part of the twentieth century and for the first time in history people understood where birds actually went to in winter. In 1931, an atlas was published showing where the most common species of European birds migrated to. More recent theories about bird migration …
bird ringing, /ˈrɪŋɪŋ/ 鸟类环志，是指在鸟的脚或翅等部位固定标志的做法，主要是为了获取鸟类迁徙的资料，以了解和研究鸟类迁徙、分布、季节运动、种群结构、气候环境变化等方面的规律。
Danish schoolteacher, 丹麦教师
common practice, 普遍的做法
relies upon what is known as ‘recovery’ , 依赖于所谓的“回收”
recovery, /rɪˈkʌvəri/ ①N-VAR 恢复，康复 ，复苏，好转 ②N-UNCOUNT 收回；取回；失而复得
ringed birds, 套着环的鸟 /rɪŋd/
an atlas was published, 一本地图集出版了
atlas, /ˈætləs/ N-COUNT 地图册；地图集
听力题目
Most birds are believed to migrate seasonally.
Hibernation theory
- It was believed that birds hibernated underwater or buried themselves in mud.
- This theory was later disproved by experiments on caged birds.
Transmutation theory
- Aristotle believed birds changed from one species into another in summer and winter.
- In autumn he observed that redstarts experience the loss of feathers and thought they then turned into robins.
- Aristotle’s assumptions were logical because the two species of birds had a similar shape.
17th century
- Charles Morton popularised the idea that birds fly to the moon in winter.
Scientific developments
- In 1822, a stork was killed in Germany which had an African spear in its neck
- previously there had been no evidence that storks migrate to Africa
- Little was known about the destinations and journeys of migrating birds until the practice of ringing was established.
- It was thought large birds carried small birds on some journeys because they were considered incapable of travelling across huge oceans
- Ringing depended on what is called the ‘recovery‘ of dead birds.
- In 1931, the first atlas to show the migration of European birds was printed.
buried themselves in mud, 把自己埋在泥里 /ˈberid/
bury, /ˈberi/ 埋藏，隐藏 verb [T] (HIDE)
disproved, /ˌdɪsˈpruːvd/ VERB 证明…有误;证明…有假
popularised the idea, 普及了这个想法/观点 /‘pɔpjuləraiz/
popularise, /ˈpɒp.jə.lə.raɪz/ verb [ T ] (US usually popularize) ① 宣传，推广;使大众化 to make something become popular ② 使普及 (GENERAL)
they were considered incapable of travelling across huge oceans, 他们被认为无法穿越巨大的海洋
incapable, /ɪnˈkeɪpəbl/ ADJ 无能力的;不能的
be incapable of sth/of doing sth, 不能做某事
the first atlas was printed, 第一本地图集出版了 /ˈætləs/ /ˈprɪntɪd/
print, /prɪnt/ ①VERB 打印；印刷 ② VERB （在报纸、杂志上）刊印，刊登，发表
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