1 其实你不懂雅思写作
1.1 多数中国考生无法回答的6个问题
**怎样选择你的考点？**考点不影响
写作考场里应该先写Task 1还是Task 2? 哪个准备充分就先写哪个
句子越长越难就越容易得高分吗? 不是，好的句子是清晰准确恰当
拼写错误会扣分吗? 容忍少量拼写问题，只要不引起歧义
雅思考试与国内的英语考试，比如四六级或者考研英语相比有什么不同?
- Short time frame ( 时间限制)
- Different tasks ( 不同的写作任务)
- Unfamiliar topics (中国考生不熟悉的话题)
英语学术写作到底有哪些特殊要求?
- 不接受缩写形式
- 不接受非正式的口语表达：lots of 改成 many/ a large number of
- 句式不要过短，可以用一些，但不要全文都这么用
- 祈使句不能用在学术写作中
- 英语谚语，宗教信仰都不看充当论据
IELTS作文里是否可以使用I和we? 在雅思写作里面可以
2 让你的ideas更充实的秘诀
思考论点的时候可以从以下十二个方面考虑
- 技能Skill (提高) 效率Efficiency
- 科技Technology(保障)安全Safety
- 权利Right(对应)责任Responsibility
- 环境Environment( 影响)健康Health
- 就业Employment(获得)财务Money
- 文化Culture(带来)乐趣Fun
3 显微镜下的易错词▲▲▲
relatively
adv. 相比较而言地，+形容词原形而不是比较级：relatively small
affect&effect
affect: vt 影响…。affect the UK
effect: n a negative effect
extent&extend
extent n 程度 ：
in some extent：在某种程度上。
He agrees to our plan to some extent. 他在某种程度上同意我们的计划。
to what extent：在多大程度上。
To what extent does he agree to our plan?他在多大程度上同意我们的计划？
extend v 延伸
spended&sended
spend —>spent；send—>sent
**knowledge：**单复数同形，不加s
information：单复数同形，不加s
**advice：**不可说名词
**behaviour：**在雅思写作中是不可数名词
rise & raise & arise
raise：及物动词，提高(某事物)或者抚养(孩子);
rise：不及物动词，指自身上升;
arise：指某个现象或问题“出现”，意思接近于emerge
result in & result from
result in…是“导致某事物”。它的近义短语是lead to
- result in better health care
result from…是“由某事物所导致”，它的近义短语是be caused by
outweigh：比……更重要，结尾没有t
the advantages outweigh the disadvantages
modern ：不要写成morden
in a word ：总而言之，是一个口语化的表达
economy & economics & economic & economical
economy （经济）economics （经济学）economic（与经济相关的；盈利的，有利可图的）economical（省钱的）
lack
动词，是一个及物动词：lack the skills
名词：lack of exercise
benefit
名词：益处
及物动词，对……有益：This free programme can benefit low -income families.
不及物动词，benefit from 从……获益：L ow-income families can benefit from this free programme.
4. 经得起推敲的作文结构
题目分类：Report & Argument
Report ：必须看清它到底是要你分析causes, solutions, measures，problems还是effects / influence。Report的概率比较小
Argument：
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion. （高）
Do you agree or disagree? / To what extent do you agree or disagree?（高）
Do you think the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? / To what extent do you think the benefits outweigh the drawbacks?（中）
outweigh 超过
What is your opinion? / What is your view?（低）
四段式 vs 五段式：区别在哪儿?
- 四段式结构：写两段主体，论证一方
- 一：1~3句
- 二：1+6~8句
- 三：1+4~6句
- 四：1~2句
- 五段式结构：写3个主体段，前两个论证一方，第3个论证另一方
- 一：1~3句
- 二：1+2~4句
- 三：1+2~4句
- 四：1+2~4句
- 五：1~2句
选择四段式还是五段式？
四段式：idea多但supporting少
五段式：idea少但supporting多
如何写好开头？Keep the introduction short and clear.
第一步：相关背景，基本上就是原文改写，而且是小改（有背景就介绍）
第二步：转述题目中的观点
- Some people think / believe / argue that…
- Some people think that…，while others believe that…
- People have different views about…
第三部：量出自己的观点
- I agree/disagree with this view 强支持/反对
- I tend to agree/disagree with this view 较强支持/反对
- I partly agree with this view 部分同意
- Although I agree that …，I believe that…
- While I agree that…，I believe that…
如何写好结尾？简要、概括、不偏离
实际上就是把第一段的观点再换一个方式说一下。
5. 论证充实的关键：写好每个分论点的支持句
why？（为什么）So？（那么会有什么结果）
**IDEA：**Playing violent video games can cause changes in young people’s behaviour.
supporting：
- These games use a wide variety of (多种多样的) technology to make it fun to fight and kill （why）
- They also teach young people to use violence to solve problems. （why）
- As a result ( 因此), many young players become aggressive ( 有攻击性的) towards their teachers, classmates and even their parents.（so）
What?（这样讲的具体意思是什么？）
**IDEA：**Extreme sports involve high risks.
supporting：（风险体现在下面三个方面）
- They allow people to experience high speed or great height to bring them excitement.
- For example, bungee jumpers need to jump from very high places.
- They may be seriously injured if the equipment does not work well.
6. 怎样让你的支持句变得流畅
第1类衔接手段：明连接
因果展开：
- As a result,…：因此…，常在句首
- Therefore,…：因此…，常在句首
举例展开
For example，… ：常在句首
such as：不能在句首，只能接名词
A good way for them to do this is through group activities such as team sports and group parries.
对比展开
while：句内对比，引导从句，表示然而
Many adults relax by watching television or browsing the Internet, while children play video games instead of playing outdoor sports.
By contrast,…：跨句对比，“相比之下”
Young people who go directly from school to university have limited experience of the world. By contrast, those who spend time travelling to other places have a broader view of life.
类比展开：similarly表示“类似地”，常在句首
Pupils in those schools have the opportunity to choose subjects freely. For example, a higher proportion of girls study science when they attend girls‘ schools. Similarly, boys in single-sex schools are more likely to study languages.
are likely to …：很有可能会….
are more likely to ….：更可能会…..
让步展开 although，表示 “尽管”，引导从句
假设展开
if
may 可能
be likely to… 很可能会…
without…, …would… ：如有没有…，…将会…
Without the funding, cities arid towns would become less interesting and attractive.
下定义展开：
this meas that… ：这意味着…
Some children are allowed to have whatever they want. This means that they grow up without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.
in other words 换句话说
In other words, natural talent cannot be taught, no matter how hard the children practice.
限定范围展开：Specifically, … 具体来说，…
Transporting food across countries wastes energy and pollutes the air. Specifically, trucks that transport food to other countries use large amounts of fossil fuels. This means that they increase greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to global warming.
第2类衔接方法：暗承接
- 使用代词
- 人称代词：they
- 物主代词：their
- 指示代词：this，those
- 与分论点直接有关的名词：可以适当添加定义从句
Use linking words that you fully understand and can use accurately. Avoid using linking words that you only partially understand
7. 120急救短语▲▲▲
7.1 技能类短语
（包含学生、毕业生、儿童、员工的技能）
develop their skills 发展他们的技能 && improve their skills 提高他们技能
- independent thinking skills 独立思考的能力
- problem-solving skills 解决问题的能力
- reading and writing skills 读写技能
- computer skills 计算机技能
- foreign language skills 外语技能
- social skills 进行社会交往的技能
- leadership skills 领导才能
- communication skills 沟通能力
- artistic skills 艺术才能
- teamwork skills 团队合作能力
develop good learning habits 形成良好的学习习惯
- learn more efficiently 更高效地学习
broaden their knowledge about … 扩展他们关于……的知识
- increase their knowledge about … 增加他们关于… 的知识
- gain a better understanding of… （儿童、学生、游客等）加深对于……的理解
boost their brain development 促进（儿童的）大脑发育，例如：阅读，玩益智游戏（educational games）等
- encourage their imagination 激发他们的想象力
- make them more intelligent 让他们变得更聪明
have more creative ideas 更有创意
- become more creative 变得更有创意
- think creatively 有创意地思考
- express their feelings creatively 用有创意的方式表达自己的情感
expand their horizons （旅行、学外语）开阔他们的视野、开阔他们的眼界，这个短语里的horizons （眼界）必须用复数
- broaden their knowledge and skills 扩展他们的知识与技能
- broaden their interests 扩展他们的兴趣爱好
- take part in extra-curricular activities 参加课余活动
- participate in extra-curricular activities 参加课余活动
improve their social skills 提高他们的社会交往能力
- develop their teamwork skills 发展他们的团队合作能力
- become more confident 变得更加自信
- build self-confidence 树立自信
work closely with… 与同学（或者同事、队友等）紧密地合作。这个work不仅可以指工作，也可以指任何需要紧密合作才能完成的事情
- take part in group discussions 参加集体讨论
- improve their teamwork skills 提高他们的团队合作能力
- encourage teamwork and sharing （教师、学校）鼓励团队合作与分享
increase their independence （活动、经历等）增强他们的独立性
- make them more independent 让他们变得更加独立
- improve their life skills 提高他们的生活技能
- prepare them for adult life 帮助他们为成年之后的人生做好准备
gain practical experience 获得实践经验
- lack practical experience 缺少实践经验
have more job opportunities 有更多的就业机会
- prepare them for employment 帮助他们为就业做准备\
- prepare them for the future workforce 帮助他们满足未来对劳动力的要求
- enter the job market 进入就业市场
- the knowledge-based economy 知识经济，以知识为主导的经济 （名词短语）
- career guidance 就业指导（名词短语）
achieve their potential 充分发挥出他们的潜力。potential不能用复数
/ əˈtʃiːv / [V-T]If you achieve a particular aim or effect, you succeed in doing it or causing it to happen, usually after a lot of effort. 实现
There are many who will work hard to achieve these goals.有很多人会努力工作来实现这些目标。
- achieve their goals 实现他们的目标
- prepare them for adult life 帮助他们为成年之后的人生做准备
7.2 效率类短语
（包含学生、员工、生活、交通、媒体、经济的效率）
save time and energy 节省时间和精力
- make learning more efficient （新的科技）让学习变得更高效
- make shopping more efficient （网络商店）让购物变得更高效
- make communication more efficient (现代通讯工具)让沟通变得更高效
- work more efficiently 更高效地工作
- shop more efficiently 更高效地购物
boost their efficiency 提高他们的效率
boost productivity 提高生产率
efficiency可以泛指做任何事情的效率，而productivity则是特指生产率
boost在英语议论文里极为常用，但不要把它用在Task 1小作文里
reduce distractions 减少干扰
- cause distractions for … （students / employees / drivers) （对学生/员工/司机）形成干扰
make the best use of their time 更充分地利用他们的时间
- is a waste of their time 是对他们时间的浪费
boost their performance 提升他们的（工作或者学习）表现
make our lives more convenient 让我们的生活变得更方便
- keep in touch with family and friends 与亲友保持联络
- provide people with more choices 为人们提供更多的选择
- inventions and innovations 发明和创新(名词短语)
find information quickly and easily 快速、轻松地找到信息
search for information 搜索信息
provide a wide variety of information 提供多种多样的信息
减少交通堵塞的方法总
- improve public transport services 改善公共交通服务
- control the number of cars on the road 控制路上行驶的汽车数量
- provide real-time traffic information to drivers 向司机们提供实时路况信息
- upgrade the road system 升级道路系统
ensure fairness （政府、教师、学校等）确保公平
compete fairly 公平地竞争
广告的作用
inform people about new products 告知人们关于新产品的资讯
inform people about … 是”告知人们关于… 的资讯”
advertising不可数，泛指广告宣传；advertisement可数,指一条（或多条）广告
encourage people to buy things 鼓励人们购物
boost the sales of products 提升产品的销量
新闻节目的作用
- provide the latest news and information 提供非常及时的新闻和资讯
- inform people about important events 告知人们关于重要事件的信息资讯
- broaden people’s knowledge and interests 扩展人们的知识和兴趣
are easily influenced by …很容易受到….的影响
- are easily influenced by advertisements （儿童）很容易受到广告的影响
- are easily influenced by violence in the media （青少年）很容易受到媒体里暴力内容的影响
make the country more competitive 让国家变得更具有竞争力
- contribute to the economy （旅游业、广告、历史建筑等）为经济做贡献
- boost economic growth 促进经济的增长
7.3 权利类短语
（含自由、选择、机会平等）
have more freedom （在家远程上班的员工、独居的人）有更多的自由
- give them more freedom 给他们更多的自由
- respect their choices 尊重他们的选择
- have more flexible schedules 有更加灵活的时间安排
should be a personal choice 应该纯属个人的选择
- a free and fair society 一个自由、公正的社会
- are forced to… 被迫去…
provide people with more choices （科技、网络购物等）为人们提供更多的选择
- provide people with more food choices （食品科技）为人们提供更多的食品选择
- provide consumers with more shopping choices （网络商店）为消费者们提供更多的购物选择
can have more flexible schedules （学生或者员工）可以有更灵活的时间安排
远程教育
- can study at their own pace 可以按照自己喜欢的进度学习（说明：这个短语里面的介词缨用at）
- traditional classrooms 传统的教室 = physical classrooms 实体教室
- can have face-to-face discussions 可以进行面对面的讨论
- develop good learning habits 形成良好的学习习惯
- form close friendships with their classmates 与同学们形成亲密的友谊
远程上班
can achieve a work-life balance 能够在工作和生活之间实现平衡
can achieve a work-family balance 能够在工作和家庭之间实现平衡
spend more time with their family 更多地和家人在一起
save money on transport costs 节省交通费
help to reduce traffic jams = help to reduce traffic congestion 有助于减少交通堵塞
congestion : / kənˈdʒestʃən / un.拥塞
jam un. 果酱；拥堵
have job security （员工）拥有工作的稳定性
- increase job satisfaction 提高工作满意度
- have a steady source of income 有一份稳定的收入来源
promote gender equality 促进性别平等，促进男女平等
- have equal opportunities for employment 享有平等的就业机会
- traditional gender roles 在传统观念里男性和女性各自应有的社会角色（名词短语）
violate their privacy 侵犯他们的隐私
- security cameras 安全监控摄像头
- public places 公共场所
7.4 责任类短语
（包含家庭责任、学生责任、学校责任、社区成员责任、政府责任、媒体责任）
teach their children good behaviour 教给孩子良好的行为举止
good behaviour 总是用单数
- teach them the difference between right and wrong 教孩子明辨是非
- role models 榜样（名词短语）
give them advice and support 给他们建议和支持
- respect their feelings 尊重他们的感受
- help them to achieve their potential 帮助孩子充分发挥出自己的潜力
- family members 家庭成员
- team members 团 队成员
- community members 社区成员
- useful members of society 能创造有用价值的社会成员
have busy careers 有忙碌的事业
- spoil their children 溺爱他们的孩子
- cannot achieve a work-family balance 不能实现工作和家庭之间的平衡
学生的责任 develop a sense of responsibility 形成责任感
- have behaviour problems 有行为问题
- do not follow school rules / break school rules不遵守学校的规定
- become useful members of society 成为能够创造有用价值的社会成员
- become responsible members of society成为有责任感的社会成员
老人的责任 have more life experience 有更丰富的人生经验
elderly people 老年人（名词短语）
old people对老年人不够尊重
look after their grandchildren （祖父母们grandparents）照看孙辈
短语look after很有用，因为它可以指各种“照看”，子女照看年迈的父母就是 look after their elderly parents
share their life experience with their grandchildren 和孙辈分享他们的人生经验
have traditional ideas about many things 对很多事物持有保守的看法
lead to misunderstanding 导致误解
学校的责任 meet students’ needs （学校）满足学生们的需求
- help students to achieve their potential 帮助学生们充分发挥出自己的潜力
- become useful members of society （学生）成为能够创造有用价值的社会成员
学校的责任 provide a broad curriculum 提供科目广泛的课程安排
- core subjects 核心科目
- optional subjects选修科目
- provide a well-rounded education 提供可以促进学生全面发展的教育
学校的责任 become useful members of society （学生）成为能够创造有用价值的社会成员
- compete fairly 公平地竞争
- prepare them for the knowledge-based economy 帮助学生们适应知识经济的要求
社区成员的责任 do volunteer work / do voluntary work 做义工
- community activities 社区活动（名词短语）
- make communities safer 让社区变得更安全
- build a strong sense of community 增强社区的凝聚力
政府的责任 improve public services （政府）改进公共服务
schools and universities 中小学与大学
libraries and museums 图书馆和博物馆
state pensions 由政府发放的公共养老金（名词短语）
healthcare services 医疗服务
healthcare 作形容词
health care 作名词短语
public transport services 公共交通服务
improve infrastructure 改善基础设施
protect national security 保卫国家安全
政府的责任 create jobs 创造就业
- contribute to the local economy 为当地的经济做贡献
- take jobs away from … 抢走… 的就业机会
政府的责任 reduce poverty 减少贫困现象
- low-income families 低收入家庭（名词短语）
- reduce inequality 减少不平等现象
政府的责任 introduce laws to … 通过立法来……
- practical and fair （某项政策）切实可行而且公正的
- is a long-term solution 是长期有效的解决方法
- is impractical and unfair 是不可行而且也不公正的
- is a short-sighted policy 是一项短视的政策
政府的责任 run campaigns to encourage people to … (政府)举办大型的系列宣传活动以鼓励人们去….
campaign的本意是战役，但也指 “大型的系列宣传活动”
advertising campaigns （大规模的广告系列宣传活动）
- encourage people to exercise regularly 鼓励人们经常锻炼
- encourage people to have a healthy diet 鼓励人们保持健康的饮食结构
- encourage people to buy electric cars 鼓励人们购买环保型的汽车
政府的责任 compete fairly（学生、运动员、求职者、企业）公平地竞争
- promote fair competition （政府）促进公平的竞争
媒体的责任 provide reliable information （广告、报纸等）提供可靠的信息
- provide misleading information （广告、报纸等）提供有误导性的信息
- help consumers to make better decisions （广告）帮助消费者们做出更好的购物决定
- reliable 可靠的
- reliable public transport services 可靠的公共交通服务
- reliable healthcare services 可靠的医疗服务
7.5 环境类短语
（包含环境污染、能源危机、转基因食品、动植物）
pollute the environment 污染环境
- create waste and pollution 产生垃圾废料和污染
- household waste 家庭生活垃圾（名词短语）
- industrial waste 工业废料（名词短语）
create waste and pollution 产生垃圾废料和污染
- cause health problems 导致健康问题
- cause smog and acid rain 导致雾霾和酸雨
reduce people’s dependence on… 减少人们对于……的依赖
pollute the air 污染空气
pollute the environment 污染环境
pollute rivers and lakes 污染河流与湖泊
car fumes 汽车尾气（英美习惯用复数）
contribute to global warming 加剧全球变暖
交通污染的解决方法：
- control the number of cars on the road 控制路上行驶的汽车数量
- improve public transport services 改进公共交通服务
- walk or cycle to work 步行或者骑自行车上班
- encourage people to buy electric cars 鼓励人们购买电动汽车
reduce people’s dependence on…减少人们对于某事物的依赖
- reduce people’s dependence on cars 减少人们对汽车的依赖
- reduce people’s dependence on social networking websites 减少人们对社交网站的依赖
- reduce their dependence on international aid 减少（接受援助的国家）对国际援助的依赖
rely too much on… 过度地依赖于……
rely heavily on… 严重地依赖于….
rely too much on cars 过度地依赖于汽车
rely too much on fossil fuels 过度地依赖于化石燃料
化石燃料主要指oil, gas and coal （石油，天然气和煤）
contribute to global warming （汽车、飞机等）加剧全球变暖
- contribute to climate change 加剧气候的变化
- increase greenhouse gas emissions （汽车、飞机等）导致温室效应气体的排放量增加
put pressure on… 对……（自然资源、医疗体系等）构成压力
put pressure on natural resources （人口的增长、消费的增长等）对自然资源构成压力
put pressure on the healthcare system （人口老龄化）对医疗体系构成压力
grow rapidly （人口）快速地增长
use more natural resources 使用更多的自然资源
the demand for consumer goods 对于消费品的需求（名词短语）
increase greenhouse gas emissions 增加温室效应气体的排放
- reduce carbon emissions 减少碳排放（减轻温室效应的重要措施）
- fulfil their environmental responsibilities （个人、公司、政府）履行对于环境的义务
个人履行环境义务的方式
- reuse shopping bags 重复使用购物袋
- recycle cans and bottles 循环利用瓶瓶罐罐
- use public transport more often 更多地使用公共交通
- walk or cycle to work 步行或骑自行车上班
政府履行环境义务的方式
- improve public transport services 改进公共交通服务
- introduce laws to protect the environment 通过立法来保护环境
- fine companies that pollute the environment 对污染环境的公司进行罚款
- give financial support to research on clean energy 为清洁能源的研究提供资助
become overcrowded （城市）变得过于拥挤
urban residents / city dwellers 城市里的居民
have more job opportunities 有更多的就业机会
feel disconnected from nature （城市里的居民）感觉自己的生活与大自然脱节
nature表示自然界的时候，它的前面不写the
make… more attractive 让……（食品、城市、旅游景点）更吸引人
- genetically modified food 转基因食品（按英美习惯也可以写成 GM food）
- grow faster 生长得更快
- increase crop yields 增加农作物的产量
- cause health problems 导致健康问题
reduce biodiversity 减少生物的多样性
- cut down forests 砍伐森林
- lead to natural disasters 导致自然灾害
destroy natural habitats 破坏动植物的自然栖息地
- endangered animals 濒危动物（名词短语）
- nature reserves 自然保护区
- introduce laws to protect wild animals 通过立法来保护野生动物
- nature reserves 自然保护区
- create more nature reserves 创立更多的自然保护区
is morally wrong 是不道德的
- animal experiment 动物实验
- cause pain to them 给它们造成痛苦
- are kept in cages 被关在笼子里
- medical research 医学研究（名词短语）
- reduce their suffering 减少它们的痛苦
7.6 健康类短语
（包含健康的生活方式、老龄化、心理健康）
exercise regularly 经常锻炼
- have a healthy lifestyle 保持健康的生活方式
- have an active lifestyle 泛指在生活当中经常运动、健身、从事户外活动等
- reduce the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure 减少患心脏病和高血压的风险
当代英语国家的生活健康准则
- exercise regularly 经常锻炼身体
- walk or cycle regularly 经常步行或者骑自行车
- have a balanced diet 保持均衡的饮食结构
- achieve a work-life balance 实现工作与生活之间的平衡
cause health problems 导致健康问题
- an unhealthy lifestyle 不健康的生活方式（名词短语）
- damage their health 损害他们的健康
- a sedentary lifestyle 缺乏运动的生活方式（名词短语）
- increase the risk of heart disease and high blood pressure增加患心脏病和高血压的风险
IELTS写作里的6种常见病
- 与不健康的饮食和缺乏锻炼有关
- heart disease 心脏病
- high blood pressure 高血压
- diabetes糖尿病
- obesity 肥胖症
- 与吸烟（smoking）、空气污染等有关
- asthma 哮喘病
- lung cancer 肺癌
have a balanced diet 保持均衡的饮食结构
home-cooked food 家里做的饭菜（名词短语）
fresh food 新鲜的食品（名词短语）
is more nutritious 是更有营养的
nutrition是名词”营养”
nutritious是形容词”有营养的”
improve their concentration 增强他们的注意力
- outdoor sports 户 外运动（名词短语）
运动的好处
increase strength, speed and balance 提高力量、速度和平衡能力
improve memory and concentration 提高记忆力和注意力
reduce stress and anxiety 减轻压力和焦虑
develop teamwork skills 发展团队合作能力
give them a sense of achievement 带给他们一种成就感
promote healthy lifestyles （政府、媒体、学校）推广健康的生活方式
- encourage people to exercise regularly 鼓励人们经常锻炼身体
- encourage people to make healthy food choices 鼓励人们去选择健康的食品
improve healthcare services 改善医疗服务
- medical research 医学研究（名词短语）
- healthcare workers 医疗工作者（名词短语）
cause labour shortages 导致劳动力的短缺
- population ageing （英式拼写）/ population aging （美式拼写） 人口老龄化（名词短语）
人口 老龄化带来问题
- cause labour shortages （人口老龄化、低出生率）导致劳动力的短缺
- put pressure on the healthcare system 对医疗体系构成压力
- increase the burden on taxpayers 加重纳税人的负担
人口老龄化的解决方法
- save money for retirement （个人）为退休养老存钱
- raise the retirement age （政府）提高法定退休年龄
- encourage immigration （政府）鼓励其他国家的人向本国移民
cause stress and anxiety 导致压力和焦虑
- reduce stress and anxiety 减少压力和焦虑
- cause health problems 导致健康问题
- cause frustration 导致挫败感
have a stressful lifestyle 在生活中承受着很大的压力
have busy careers 有忙碌的事业
often work overtime 经常加班
are under great pressure with their studies 在学业当中承受着很大的压力
face tough competition for jobs （求职者）面对激烈的就业竞争
face tough competition for business （企业）面对激烈的商业竞争
have a strong sense of belonging （员工、居民）有很强的归属感
- lack a sense of belonging 缺乏归属感
- feel lonely and unhappy 感到孤独而且很不开心
- lack a sense of community （生活在城市里的人们）缺乏社区感
- feel lonely and isolated 感到孤独而且很孤立
are addicted to … 对……上瘾
are addicted to junk food 对垃圾食品上瘾
are addicted to social media 对社交媒体上瘾
spend too much time online 用过多的时间上网
cause health problems 导致健康问题
damage their eyesight 伤害他们的视力
screen time 盯着电子屏幕的时间
reduce their children’s screen time 减少孩子的屏幕时间
7.7 财务类短语
（包含个人财务、贫富差距、政府资金分配、国际贸易、国际援助）
develop good spending habits 形成良好的消费习惯
- manage their money well 管理好他们的财务
- buy things on impulse 冲动地购物
become selfish and greedy 变得自私而且贪婪
- consumer culture 崇尚消费的文化（名词短语）
- create more jobs 创造更多的就业
- increase international trade 增加国际贸易
- focus on money and possessions 集中精力于金钱和财产
involve high costs 涉及到高昂的费用
is a waste of public money 是对于公共资金的浪费
the cost of living 生活开支，生活成本（名词短语）
The plan to increase tuition fees for students in England may not save taxpayers any money.
tuition fees 学费
are more affordable 价格更合理
- Air travel （乘飞机的旅行）has become more affordable.
reduce inequality 减少不平等现象
low-income families 低收入的家庭（名词短语）
live in poverty 生活在贫困中
reduce the gap between rich and poor 减少贫富差距
reduce costs 减少开支
- are driven by profit （企业、广告等）是受营利目的驱动的
give financial support to … （政府、大学、慈善组织、发达国家等）为……提供资助
- receive financial support from … 获得资助
- reduce their dependence on… 减少他们对于… 的依赖
have more important concerns （政府）还有其它更急需关注的问题
- only have limited funds 只有有限的资金
- improve public services 改善公共服务
- 在英国，governments （不加定冠词）是泛指“各国政府、各级政府或者各地政府”
raise people’s standard of living 改善人民的生活水平
- are under-funded （学校、医院、博物馆等）资金不足
- face financial difficulties 面临财务困难
is a waste of public money 是对于公共资金的浪费
- is a waste of taxpayers’ money 是浪费纳税人的钱
- increase the burden on taxpayers 增加纳税人的负担
contribute to the economy 为经济做贡献
- contribute to the local economy （旅游业、游客、移民、体育赛事等）为当地的经济做贡献
- make the country more competitive 让国家变得更有竞争力
attract +宾语 “吸引… “
- attract many tourists （旅游景点）吸引大量的游客
- attract children’s attention （垃圾食品的广告、玩具的广告）吸引儿童们的注意力
employ many people 雇佣大量的员工
- create jobs for local people 为当地人创造就业
- improve their employability 增强他们的就业适应性
take away jobs from local people 抢走当地人的就业机会
- international trade 国际贸易（名词短语）
- take away jobs from local farmers and food producers 抢走 当地农民和食品生产商的就业机会
increase the burden on … 加重……的负担
- increase the burden on taxpayers 加重纳税人的负担
- increase the burden on the healthcare system 力口重医疗体系的负担
multinational companies / multinational corporations 跨国公司（名词短语）
- provide consumers with more choices 为消费者们提供更多的选择
- pollute the local environment 污染当地的环境
- are driven by profit （跨国公司）是受营利目的驱动的
- have similar lifestyles （不同地区的人们）过着相似的生活
are interconnected （国家之间，经济之间）是相互联系的
- international aid 国际援助（名词短语）
- build understanding and trust 建立理解与相互信任
- is a waste of public money （一些人认为国际援助）是对公共资金的浪费
- boost economic growth 促进经济的增长
- reduce their dependence on international aid 减少它们（受援国）对于国际援助的依赖
7.8 安全类短语
（包含犯罪率、改造罪犯、青少年犯罪、网络犯罪、交通安全、国家安全）
prevent crime 预防犯罪
- reduce crime rates 降低犯罪率
- commit crime 犯罪
reform criminals 改造罪犯
- prepare them for employment 帮助他们为就业做准备
- provide them with vocational training 为他们提供职业培训
- become useful members of society 成为可以创造有用价值的社会成员
deter criminals 震慑罪犯
- lose their freedom 失去自由
- become overcrowded （监狱、大城市等）变得过于拥挤
address the root causes of crime 从根本上去解决犯罪问题
- create jobs 创造就业
- reduce inequality 减少不平等现象
threaten people’s safety 威胁人们的安全
- make communities safer 让社区变得更安全
- install security cameras 安装监控摄像头
copy what they see in the media （儿童）模仿他们在媒体里看到的行为
- violent images （电视节目、电影、电子游戏里的）暴力的画面（名词短语）
- become aggressive 变得具有攻击性
steal personal information 盗取个人信息
- spread computer viruses 传播计算机病毒
- online fraud 网络诈骗（名词短语）
are likely to re-offend 很可能会再次犯罪
- prevent crime 预防犯罪
- lead to resentment 导致怨恨情绪
involve high risks 涉及到很高的风险
- space flights 太空飞行
- dangerous sports 危险运动
involve +宾语”涉及到某种费用或者风险”
- involve high costs 涉及高昂的费用
- involve high risks 涉及很高的风险
promote peace and understanding 促进（国家之间的）和平与理解
wars and conflicts 战争和冲突（名词短语）
build understanding and trust 建立理解和相互信任
7.9 文化类短语
（包含传统文化、多元文化、国际文化交流、语言、老建筑、艺术、企业文化）
protect their heritage 保护他们的文化传承
better understand their heritage 更好地理解他们的文化传承
heritage不能用复数
is an important part of their heritage 是他们的文化传承的一个重要部分
threaten traditional lifestyles 对传统的生活方式构成威胁
- traditions and customs 传统和风俗（名词短语）
- traditional values 传统的价值观（说明：**value的复数是“价值观”**的意思）
are more open-minded 心态更开放，更愿意接受不同的事物
- respect cultural differences 尊重文化差异
- lead to misunderstanding 导致误解
build understanding and trust 建立理解和相互信任
- work closely with… 与……紧密地合作
- draw on other countries’ experience 借鉴其他国家的经验
threaten cultural diversity 威胁文化的多样性
international trade 国际贸易（名词短语）
have similar lifestyles （不同国家的人们）有着相似的生活方式
spread their own culture 传播自己的文化
weaken other cultures 弱其它的文化
lead to misunderstanding 引起误解，导致误解
- international business 国际商务
- international conferences 大型国际会议
- language barrier 交流过程中的语言障碍
- remove the language barrier 消除语言障碍
feel isolated （说小语种的人）感到很孤立
- a minority language 小语种
- a majority language 主流语种
- have more job opportunities （说主流语言的人）有更多的就业机会
- have more entertainment choices 有更多的娱乐选择
connect us to the past （历史建筑、传统音乐）帮助我们了解、感受过去
attract many tourists 吸引很多的游客
contribute to the local economy 为当地的经济做贡献
make cities more interesting and attractive 让城市更加有趣、更具有吸引力
lack character （现代建筑）缺乏鲜明的特色
adapt old buildings to meet modern needs 让老房子适应现代生活的需要
- make them safe 让它们变得安全
- replace the old equipment 替换旧的设备
- expensive repairs and maintenance 昂贵的维修和保养（名词短语）
enrich the local culture （公共艺术，历史建筑）丰富当地的文化
- expand their horizons 开阔他们的眼界
- attract many tourists 吸引很多游客
- broaden their interests 扩展他们的兴趣爱好
- make them more creative 让他们变得更有创造力
have equal opportunities 拥有平等的机会
- feel respected and valued 感觉受到了尊重和重视
- achieve their potential 充分发挥出他们的潜力
- are rewarded for hard work （员工们）辛勤的工作获得回报
7.10 乐趣类短语
（包含休闲活动、虚拟世界、学习与工作的乐趣、探索与发现）
fun and enjoyable 有趣而且令人愉快的（形容词短语）
reduce stress and anxiety 减轻压力和焦虑
browse the Internet 上网
play outdoor sports 从事户外运动
educational games 益智游戏
online maths games 和 online language games
encourage imagination and creativity（广告、游戏、电影）激发想象力和创造力
- make children more creative 让儿童变得更有创造力的
- are fun and educational 有趣而且很有知识性的，“寓教于乐的”
share ideas and opinions 分享想法和意见
in a virtual world 在一个虚拟的世界里
share interests and hobbies 分享兴趣和爱好
share photos and videos 分享照片和视频
Internet celebrities 网络名人，”网红”
social media / social networking websites 社交媒体，社交网站
online community 网络社区
reduce face-to-face interaction 减少面对面的交流
upload/download photos /videos上传/下载照片/视频
interact with +某类人 “和… 交流互动“
- interact with their friends on the Internet 在互联网上和朋友们交流互动
- interact with local people （游客）和当地的人们交流互动
an important source of information （互联网、报纸、广告、新闻等）一种重要的信息来源
- find information quickly and easily 快速、轻松地找到信息
- have access to more information 可以获取更多的信息
save time and energy 节省时间和精力
- online shopping 网络购物（名词短语）
- provide people with more choices 为人们提供更多的选择
- buy things at lower prices 以更低的价格购物
- can easily compare prices 可以很轻松地比较价格
- save money on transport costs 节约交通费用
- traditional shops / physical shops 传统的商店/“实体店”
- try on clothes 试穿服装
- provide more interesting shopping experiences 提供更有趣的购物体验
reduce face-to-face interaction 减少面对面的沟通交流
- make our lives easier （手机、科技）让我们的生活变得更轻松
- make our lives more convenient and comfortable 让我们的生活变得更方便舒适
- are easy to carry and use 方便携带和使用
- rely too much on technology 过度地依赖于科技
- cause health problems 导致健康问题
keep in touch with family and friends 与亲友们保持联系
- cause distractions for… （students / drivers） 对（学生/司机）形成干扰
- mobile phone radiation 手机辐射（名词短语）
are interesting and creative （广告）很有趣而且很有创意的
- make products more attractive 让产品更有吸引力
- boost the sales of products 提升产品的销量
- build consumer loyalty 建立消费者的品牌忠诚度
give them a sense of achievement 给他们一种成就感
- achieve their potential 充分发挥出他们的潜力
- feel motivated 感觉很有动力，“动力十足”
boost their motivation 提升他们（工作或者学习）的动力
feel respected and valued （员工或者学生）感觉受到了尊重和重视
lack motivation 缺乏动力
career path 事业的发展方向（名词短语）
is a source of fun （旅游、运动、看电视）是一种乐趣的来源
- lack motivation 缺乏动力
- repetitive tasks 重复的、乏味的任务（名词短语）
explore the local culture 探索当地的文化
- better understand the local culture 更好地了解当地的文化
- respect the local culture 尊重当地的文化
- tourist attractions 泛指各种旅游景点
- interact with local people 与当地人交流互动
8. 真实的高分范文——比你想象的简单
Keep the introduction and conclusion short and clear.
The ideas in the body paragraphs should be well supported.
剑桥官方提供的Agree or Disagree型7. 5分范文
［考 题］Some people think the high sales of products reflect the power of advertising instead of the consumers’ demand. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? 一些人认为产品的高销售量所体现的是广告的宣传作用，而不是消费者们的需求。在多大程度上你同意或者不同意这种观点？
There are many advertisements on television or on the streets today. Although I agree that advertising encourages people to buy things unnecessarily, I do not think that consumers are controlled by advertising.
Many advertising companies produce advertisements featuring famous and popular actors or singers. People, especially youngsters, buy goods that their favourite singers advertise, although they do not really need the products. Also, on the television screen, a product may look more attractive and its information only focuses on the benefits. For example, cosmetics advertisements often use edited images and promise consumers that the product can make them look better and feel more confident. As a result, people often buy products without enough consideration after they watch the advertising. Furthermore, an advertising campaign can make many customers buy a particular product. Therefore, other people may be affected by the trend, even if the product is not of the real needs of society.
cosmetic / kɒzˈmetɪk / 化妆品
although / ɔːlˈðəʊ /
Also / ˈɔːlsəʊ /
edited images 编辑过的图片
promise / ˈprɒmɪs / 承诺
be of: 具有……性质，引申为满足
On the other hand, consumers are not controlled by advertising. It is people’s choice to make a decision to buy goods. Individuals have their own spending habits and preferences. If they have got enough income, then the right to make a decision is given to them. In addition, people try to allocate their budgets because there should be a limited amount of income that they are able to spend. This means that they cannot be easily influenced by these advertisements.
Individuals /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəlz /
allocate / ˈæləkeɪt / 分配
influenced / ˈɪnfluənst /
In conclusion, advertising encourages people to buy products. However, it is difficult to say that everyone is easily influenced by advertising. In some areas of business such as the toy industry, it may be necessary to ban advertising to children as children do not have enough ability to Know what they need.
D & G （Discuss both views and give your own opinion.）型的考官范文
［考 题］People have different expectations for their jobs. Some people prefer to do the same job for the same company, while others prefer to change jobs frequently. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.人们对于工作有着不同的期望。一些人更喜欢在同一个公司里从事相同的工作，而另一些人则喜欢频繁地换工作。讨论这两种观点并且给出你自己的看法。
Today, many workers change jobs frequently. Some people think that changing jobs frequently leads to more opportunities, while others believe that staying in the same job is a better choice.
One of the main benefits of staying in one job is job security. For example, changing jobs often means that one may have to think about moving house, or temporarily losing a steady source of income. Staying in one job means that these problems can be avoided. Another advantage of not changing jobs is that one is able to gain more experience in his or her profession, which increases job security. Their company is also likely to reward their loyalty and service. By contrast, those who often change jobs may be seen as unreliable and employers may not want to hire or invest money in training them.
However, there are also advantages to changing jobs frequently. One advantage is that workers can increase their employability. Working in several different jobs often means that the individuals have more skills. These people are seen by employers as more confident, well-rounded and employable. Another benefit of changing jobs frequently is that one never falls into a routine. People may feel bored and unmotivated when they stay too long in the same job. As a result, the quality of their work would suffer. Also, increased salaries and promotion are often easier to achieve by changing jobs.
employability / ɪmˌplɔɪəˈbɪləti / 就业能力
well-rounded / ˌwel ˈraʊndɪd / 全面的
employable / ɪmˈplɔɪəbl / 可雇用的; 适宜雇用的
fall into a routine : 循规蹈矩
routine n. 惯例; 常规； adj. ①常规的；②平淡的
unmotivated / ˌʌnˈməʊtɪveɪtɪd / 对（工作等）不感兴趣的
[V-I]If something suffers, it becomes worse because it has not been given enough attention or is in a bad situation. 变差
I’m not surprised that your studies are suffering.你功课变差，我并不感到惊讶。employers / ɪmˈplɔɪər /
In my opinion, while a new job can often lead to a higher salary and more career development opportunities, it is important that the decision to quit a job is made responsibly.
剑桥官方提供的Report型考官范文
［考 题］There are more problems with students’ behavior in many countries. What are the causes and what are your solutions? 在很多国家里，学生们的行为问题增多。这种现象的产生原因是什么？提出你的解决办法。
Poor student behaviour seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are responsible for this.
Poor student behaviour 学生不良行为
widespread / ˈwaɪdspred / 广泛的
The birth rate is declining in many countries so that families are smaller with fewer children. ==These children are often spoilt by their parents, not with love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. The children are allowed to have whatever they want, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.== Also, when they get to school age, they tend to lack self-control. They have less respect for their teachers and do not follow school rules in the way that their parents did.
标黄的有些语法不懂
Teachers often complain about this problem and measures should be taken to change the situation. I think that the solution to the problem lies with the families who need to better understand the harm of spoiling their children. If they could raise their children to be considerate of others and to be responsible individuals, the whole community would benefit. Parenting classes are needed to help parents to achieve this goal, and high quality nursery schools could be set up.
lie with 取决于
be considerate of… 对…体贴的，对…体谅的
be considerate of each other：相互体谅
nursery / ˈnɜːsəri / 托儿所
These measures would support families more in raising their children.Governments should fund this kind of support for parents because this is no longer a problem for individual families, but a problem for communities and for society as a whole.
….as a whole ： 整个…
the country as a whole ： 整个国家
学生习作之1 (Agree or Disagree型)
［考 题］Some people believe that artists should always be given the freedom to express their ideas. To what extent do you agree or disagree ?
Some people think that artists should always be free to express their ideas. Although I agree that artists’ freedom of expression is important, I do not think that they should always be able to express their ideas without restrictions.
Artistic freedom of expression is important to the development of art and culture. Only when artists do not feel restricted in creating their works, such as musicals, sculptures or photographs, is it possible for them to produce truly original works of art. Their freedom of expression is therefore crucial for art to develop instead of repeating itself. Also, art is one of the most creative and diverse parts of a nation’s culture. To protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions, governments should respect artists’ freedom to choose how to express their ideas and emotions.
sculpture / ˈskʌlptʃə(r) / 雕塑
only +状语（从句）”出现在句首，句子要用部分倒装，而“only +主语”的句子不倒装
Only when the tide goes out do you discover who’s been swimming naked. （只有当潮水退去，你才知道到底是谁在裸泳。）
Only in China can you find hotels like this.（只有在中国你才能找到这样的酒店。）
Only his mother really understands him.（只有他妈妈真正理解他。）
truly original works of art （名词短语）真正有原创性的艺术作品
crucial / ˈkruːʃ(ə)l / 至关重要的
creative and diverse （形容词短语）有创意的而且多样的
the diversity of （名词短语）多样性
On the other hand, some rules set by governments to limit the freedom of artists may be useful. Some methods or forms of artistic expression are not widely accepted by the general public. By limiting artists’ freedom to use these methods or forms, governments protect the people who are likely to find these artistic expressions unacceptable or offensive. For example, the film rating system that is used in some countries helps to prevent violent or sexual images from reaching the audience who may be negatively affected by them.
offensive / əˈfensɪv / 冒犯性的
In conclusion, while I agree that artists’ freedom to express their ideas should be respected and protected, I believe that there should be effective measures to ensure such freedom does not pose a threat to social order or to other citizens’ well-being.
pose a threat to social order （动宾短语）对社会秩序构成威胁
well-being （n.）良好的生活状态
sense of well-being 幸福感
学生习作之2 （D&G型）
［考 题］Some people think that giving aid to poor countries has positive effects, while others believe that international aid should be stopped. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
People have different views about ==whether or not== international aid should be continued.
whether or not 是不是错了
Those who support international aid believe that it can ==benefit poor countries as well as rich ones==. International aid contributes to infrastructure improvements in poor countries. For example, the World Bank, whose key members are mostly rich countries, provides poor countries with low-interest loans each year. These countries can improve their infrastructure, such as schools, hospitals and public transport systems, with the loans. In the poorest countries, international financial aid and food aid can help to save lives because in these countries, many people suffer from starvation and lack basic health care. Rich countries that provide generous aid to poor countries are also regarded as responsible members of the international community and are respected by other countries.
infrastructure improvements （名词短语）对于基础设施的改善
suffer from starvation （动宾短语）忍受极度饥饿
starvation / stɑːˈveɪʃ(ə)n / 饥饿; 饿死
be regarded as : 被视为…
responsible members of the international community （动宾短语）国际社会里有责任感的成员国
People who think that international aid should be stopped tend to focus on the negative effects it may have. A common concern is its fairness. Even in the most developed countries, there are people living below the poverty line. Government spending on aid for poor people in other countries may be unfair to poor people in their own country. Some aid is even used to serve purposes for which is not intended. Some aid is even used to serve unexpected purposes. For instance, in some countries, foreign aid has been used by their government to purchase weapons or has led to more corruption. Sometimes countries that receive international aid also find the aid unfair because it is tied to political objectives.
government spending （名词短语）政府的开支
Some aid is even used to serve purposes
forwhich is not intended.想表达的意思：一些援助甚至被用于非预期目的。
我认为这个for要去掉，否则定语从句中就没有主语
其次：be intended for： 被用于 (某目的或某人)
This money is intended for the development of the tourist industry. 这笔钱是准备用于发展旅游业的。
Columns are usually intended in architecture to add grandeur and status. 柱子被用于建筑通常是为了增添宏伟和高贵。
为了不不出错，改成这样：Some aid is even used to serve unexpected purposes.
lead to more corruption （动宾短语）导致更多的腐败
/ kəˈrʌpʃ(ə)n /
is tied to political objectives 被和政治目的挂钩
Personally, I think it is important that the aid provided is used for the intended purpose. ==If the donor country cannot ensure this, then the aid should be reduced, if not stopped altogether.==
the intended purpose （名词短语）既定的目的，希望达到的目的
donor country （名词短语）援助国
recipient country 受援国
donor / ˈdəʊnə(r) /
[N-COUNT]A donor is someone who gives a part of their body or some of their blood to be used by doctors to help a person who is ill. 器官捐献者; 献血者
[N-COUNT]A donor is a person or organization who gives something, especially money, to a charity, organization, or country that needs it. 捐赠者
[ADJ]Donor organs or parts are organs or parts of the body which people allow doctors to use to help people who are ill. 捐献的
学生习作之3 （比较利弊型）
［考 题］In many countries, the proportion of elderly people is increasing. Do the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages?
The proportion of elderly people in the population is rising in many countries. I think this trend creates more problems than benefits for society.
An ageing population places a heavy burden on the social welfare system. The more retired people there are in a society, the more claims are made for state pensions. Governments will have to increase funds for the public pension system, while reducing funds for other social programmes, such as support for low-income families, unemployment benefits and student loans. This will also lead to a heavy burden on taxpayers because the proportion of people who work and pay taxes will be smaller.
places a heavy burden on （动宾短语）给……带来沉重的负担
The more … the more …句型
（原句）If I eat a lot, I gain a lot of weight. = （原句）If I eat a lot, I gain a lot of weight.
如果我吃很多，我的体重也会增加很多。（原句）If you study more, you learn more. = 改写：The more you study, the more you learn.
如果你多学习，你会学到更多。If there are the more retired in a society, the more claims are made for state pensions.
翻译：一个社会中退休人员越多，申请国家养老金的人数就越多。
claim 作为名词：a written request asking an organization to pay you an amount of money that you believe they owe you 索款;索赔
After her house was burgled, she made a claim on her insurance. 她家被盗后，她要求按保单赔付。
Please submit your claim for travelling expenses to the accounts department. 请将差旅费的报销单交到会计部办理。
unemployment benefits 失业救济金
student loans 学生贷
while reducing funds for other social programmes：我认为是一个省略主语的独立主格
A higher proportion of elderly people in the population is also likely to cause labour shortages. This will reduce productivity, damage the economy and result in rising labour costs. To cover higher labour costs, businesses will have to raise the prices of their products and services, and then pass on this burden to consumers. As a result, the cost of living will rise while people‘s standard of living will decline.
pass on this burden to consumers 把这个负担转嫁给消费者
pass on
If you pass something on to someone, you give it to them so that they have it instead of you.将…传给；将…交给
The Queen is passing the money on to a selection of her favourite charities.女王要把那笔钱交给她喜欢的一些慈善机构。If you pass on costs or savings to someone else, you make them pay for your costs or allow them to benefit from your savings.将…转移给；将…转嫁给
They pass on their cost of borrowing and add it to their profit margin.他们将借款成本转嫁，将其算到利润率里面。You can say that someone passed on to mean that they died, if you want to avoid using the word ‘die’ because you think it might upset or offend people.去世；逝世
He passed on at the age of 72.他72岁去世。the cost of living （名词短语）生活成本，生活开支
It is true that an ageing population may lead to an increase in the demand for healthcare workers, and therefore may create jobs in healthcare-related fields such as nursing and pharmacy. However, compared with the negative effects that population ageing would have on other industries, the growth in healthcare-related jobs would be insignificant.
healthcare workers (名词短语）医疗工作者
nursing and pharmacy （名词短语）护理和药学
pharmacy / ˈfɑːməsi / ①药店; 药房 ②制药业; 药剂学
A have effect on B ： A对B有影响
population ageing 人口老龄化
ageing ①adj. (人) 变衰老的; (物) 老化的 ②un.变老; 变旧
In conclusion, although the rising proportion of elderly people is a result of progress in health care and improvement in the standard of living, I believe that the overall impact of population ageing on the social welfare system, the healthcare system and the economy is negative.
the standard of living （名词短语）生活水平
overall：
①adj 总的：…the overall rise in unemployment： …失业人数的总体上升。
②adv 总体上地 Overall I was disappointed. 总的来说，我感到失望。
9. 图表题，能提前写完吗
9.1 如何写开头段：改写题目
开头段的写法：改写原题，写1~2句
The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.
The pie charts compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.
The graph below shows the quantities of goods transported in the UK between 1974 and 2002 by four different modes of transport.
The graph illustrates the quantities of goods transported in the United Kingdom by four different modes of transport between 1974 and 2002.
Pat总结的Task 1作文同义词代换表
| the UK | Britain / the United Kingdom |
|---|---|
| proportion | percentage |
| information | data (注意：data也不能加s) |
| males | men |
| females | women |
| from (年代)to (年代) | between （年 代）and （年 代） over a period of … years |
| subway system | underground railway system underground train system |
| store | shop |
| the number of + 可数名词的复数形式 | the figure for +可数名词的复数形式 |
| the amount of + 不可数名词的单数形式 | the figure for +不可数名词的单数形式 |
9.2 主体段介绍数据和变化趋势的常用词
9.2.1 动词
表示上升的动词 :
In the UK sales grew from 1 million euros to 5. 5 million euros. (注意:million为单数)
euros 为euro的复数，欧元
The percentage of households in owned accommodation rose from 21 % to 32% between 1918 and 1953.
percentage / pəˈsentɪdʒ / 百分比
表示下降的动词
The export earnings of gems and jewellery decreased by 5. 18% between 2015 and 2016.
gems 为gem的复数，宝石
jewellery 珠宝首饰
export earnings : 出口收益
The figures fell steadily over the next ten years.
fall steadily : 平稳地下降
After slight increases, hydropower fell back to the 1980 figure.
fall back to 回落至……
hydropower / ˈhaɪdrəʊˌpaʊə(r) / 水力发电
表示上升/下降幅度：by+数值/百分比
- Over the next 5 years, sales of mobile phones rose by about £ 26 billion.
- Exports of goods fell by 1. 6% in the fourth quarter of 2015
表示波动的动词
During this period, the figure for chicken fluctuated between 90 and 75 pounds per person per year.
fluctuate / ˈflʌktʃueɪt / vi 波动
表示稳定在某一水平的短语
- The figure for Australia remained stable at just over £ 260 billion between 2001 and 2011.
- The figure for the UK remained steady at around £430 billion between 2000 and 2002.
表示经历了某种变化的动词（只要图里存在时间的变化就一定能用到）
London saw a significant increase in the number of visitors between 1985 and 1995.
The cost of furniture and equipment saw an opposite trend.
see an opposite trend 呈现出相反的趋势
The unemployment rate in the UK experienced a sharp rise from 2. 5% to 7% between 1970 and 1980.
表示到达最高点的短语：
Local calls peaked at 90 billion minutes and then fell back to the 1995 figure
peak at = reach its peak at
表示到达最低点的短语
- reach its lowest point at
- fall to its lowest point at
表示 达到… 或者 位于…. 的动词：①reach；②stand at
表示占多少份额的动词
- Office buildings accounted for 36% of total energy consumption in 2007.
- The cost of equipment represented 23% of the school budget.
表示对于将来数字的预测的动词
- Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31 quadrillion units by 2030.
- The number of train users is expected to rise to almost 7 million by 2035.
表示变成原来数值的两倍或者三倍的动词
- Sales in Switzerland doubled from 3 million euros to 6 million euros.
- The use of mobile phones tripled between 1999 and 2002.
- almost doubled 变成了接近原来的两倍
- more than doubled 变成了比原来的两倍还多
表示一个事物是另一个事物的两倍或者三倍的表达
In European countries, the average meat consumption was twice as high as the global average.
be twice as high （或者 long / fast / popular 等）as …
be three times as high （或者 long / fast / popular 等）as …
be nearly three times as high as .. 几乎是…的三倍
表示始终高于或者始终低于的句型
Per capita health spending in Northern Ireland was consistently higher than in England over the 30-year period
per capita : 人均的 /ˈkæp.ɪ.tə/
be consistently lower than … 始终低于…
表示原有的差距变小的句型
The gap between men’s incomes and women’s incomes narrowed over the 25-year period.
The gap between … and … widens/widened …和…的差距在变大
表示原来少于、但是后来超过的及物动词
The consumption of chicken showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980.
overtake/overtook 后面跟比较的对象
Its research budget exceeds $700 million a year.
exceed 它后面跟阿拉伯数字或者百分数
9.2.2 形容词和副词
表示急剧的形容词
There was a dramatic increase in mobile calls from 2 billion to 46 billion minutes.
From 1961 to 1981, the percentage of households in rented accommodation dropped dramatically from 58% to 40%.
sharp ( sharply)
表示持续的形容词
- consistent (consistently) : 持续地(上升或者下降，急剧地或者稳步地都有可能
- steady (steadily) 和 gradual (gradually) 特指 稳步地(上升或者下降)
- Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 33 quadrillion units in 2035.
表示显著的、大幅度的形容词
The consumption of fish increased significantly from 58 pounds to around 80 pounds per person per year between 1970 and 1980.
significant (significantly)
This rise was particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2002.
noticeable (noticeably)
表示很小幅度的形容词
- There was a slight increase from 33% to 36% in the percentage of households in rented accommodation in 2011.
- This figure is expected to rise slightly to 9.1 % by 2030.
表示大约的词汇
In 1960 the proportion of people aged 65 and over stood at around 8% in Sweden.
[V-I]If something that can be measured stands at a particular level, it is at that level. 处于 (某水平)
The inflation rate now stands at 3.6 percent. 通货膨胀率现在是3.6％。
The figure for people who ate fast food every day fell to about 3%.
just over （略多于）
just under （略少于）
表示分别的副词
- In the UK and Belgium, sales grew from 1 million euros to 5.5 million euros and from 0.6 million euros to 4 million euros respectively.
9.3 如何写主体段：1+X
主体段：写1+X句，第1句话总体概括本段（overview）, 后面的X句具体介绍该图形里的数据（details）
9.3.1 主体段第1句
如果图形里存在着时间推移
- 概括该图形的整体变化趋势（是整体上升、整体下降、波动还是保持平稳）
- 概括该图形里的哪一类数据整体高于其他的各类数据
如果图形里不存在时间推移
- 概括该图形里包含哪几类数据
- 括该图形里的哪一类数据整体高于其他的各类数据
9.3.2 主体段X句
- 按照有规律的顺序介绍
- 图形里存在着时间变化：时间顺序
- 图形里不存在着时间变化：从高到低排序
- 抓住特征数据介绍
- 起点：时间变化
- 终点：时间变化
- 变化趋势
- 极值：最大值和最小值
- 等值：两个完全相同或者接近的数字
- 倍数关系
- 考前认真table, line graph, bar chart 和 pie chart 的高分实例。
9.3.3 主体段高分实例
9.3.3.1 表格题(table)实例
The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries.
We can see from the second table that Switzerland bought far more bananas than the other four countries. Swiss sales figures rose sharply from 15 to 47 million euros across these five years, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1 to 5.5 million euros and from 0.6 to 4 million euros respectively. Sweden and Denmark showed a different pattern，with falls in banana sales from 1.8 million euros to 1 million euros and 2 million euros to 0. 9 million euros.
两个主体段，段落1写表1，段落2写表2
开头句比较的是数量
这里的fall应该是一个名词
The tables below give information about the per capita beer and fruit juice consumption in different countries.
It is clear from the first table that beer is more popular in Ireland than in the other six countries. Germany has the second highest per capita beer consumption of the seven countries （119 litres per year. The figures for Belgium and Denmark are the same （98 litres per person per year），while the per capita beer consumption in the UK is slightly lower（97 litres per person per year）. The figures for the US and Canada （85 and 80 litres per person per year respectively） are significantly lower than those for the European countries.
两个主体段，段落1写表1，段落2写表2
开头句比较的是数量
The table below shows changes in the numbers of residents cycling to work in different areas of the UK between 2001 and 2011.
It is clear from the table that the figure for cycling commuters increased significantly in each area between 2001 and 2011. Inner London had the most cycling commuters in both years .In 2001 , 43, 494 residents of inner London cycled to work. This figure increased to 106, 219 in 2011 （a 144% increase）, which was much higher than the percentage increase in the other areas. Over the same period, the number of cycling commuters in Bristol increased from 8, 108 to 15, 768 （an increase of 94%）. By contrast ，although outer London had the second largest number of people who cycled to work in each year （33, 836 in 2001 and 49, 070 in 2011）, its percentage increase was the lowest of the twelve areas （45%）.
The other nine areas all had fewer than 10 thousand people cycling to work in 2001 and in 2011, but they also saw a significant increase in the number of cycling commuters over the 10-year period .The area of Brighton and Hove saw the biggest percentage change of these nine areas （109%）. The numbers of cycling commuters in Gateshead （816 in 2001 and 1, 314 in 2011） were the lowest of all the areas shown in the table .
第一段：第一句概括了整体变化趋势（时间变化），抓住变化最大的两个和最小的一个。
第二段：列举其他地区
9.3.3.2 线图题（line graph）实例
The graph below shows the number of people at a London underground station from 6:00 to 16:00 on a typical day in August 2010.
It is clear from the line graph that the number of people using this station fluctuated
significantly over the 10 hours. At 6 am the number of people in the station stood at 100. The figure rose dramatically over the next two hours， peaking at 400 at 8 am. After that, the figure dropped rapidly , reaching 180 at 10 am. The number of people using the station increased between 10 o’clock and 12 o’clock, reaching 280 at midday . The figure then remained stable at just under 300 people over the following two hours. After that, the number of people in the station declined again, reaching its lowest point of 90 at 4 pm.
The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in two different countries.
It is clear from the line graph that the quantities of water used for agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes all increased between 1900 and 2000 . In 1900, around 500 km^3^ of water was used for agricultural purposes worldwide, while the figures for industrial consumption and domestic water consumption stood at only around 100 km^3^. By 2000，global water use for agriculture had risen to around 3000 km^3^. By contrast, global industrial water use had increased to around half that amount and domestic consumption had only reached around 500 km^3^.
The graph compares the rate of smoking among men and women between the years 1960 and 2000.
It is clear from the line graph that the rate of smoking among women was consistently lower than the rate for men, but the gap between them gradually narrowed over the 40-year period. In 1960, the rate of smoking among women was very low, at only 80 in every 1, 000 women. By 1972 this figure had increased steadily to 320 per 1, 000 women. The rate of female smokers then remained stable at （稳定于 ）around 320 per 1, 000 until 1984 when the figure began to decline, reaching 200 per 1,000 women by 2000.
when 引导定语从句：
I enjoyed the evening when we stayed together by the sea.我很享受这个我们在海边待在一起的夜晚。
My girl friend told me that Dec. 20 is the day when she was born. 我的女朋友告诉我，12月20日是她出生的日子。
结尾：
It is clear that although the rate of smoking among men decreased throughout the 40-year period, it was consistently higher than the figure for women.
9.3.3.3 柱状图(bar chart)实例
The chart below shows the main reasons for study among students of different age groups.
The bar chart shows that there is a gradual decrease in study for career reasons with age. Around 80% of students aged under 26 study for their career. This percentage consistently declines as students get older. Only 40% of students aged between 40 and 49 and 18% of students aged over 49 study for career reasons .
with age ：随着年龄的增长
[ADJ]You use aged followed by a number to say how old someone is. 岁数为…的
Alan has two children, aged eleven and nine.艾伦有两个孩子，岁数为11岁和9岁。[ADJ]Aged means very old. 年迈的
She has an aged parent who’s capable of being very difficult.她有个年迈的、很难伺候的父亲。[N-PLURAL]You can refer to all people who are very old as the aged. 老年人
The American Society on Aging provides resource services to those dealing with the aged.美国老年协会为那些处理老年人问题的人提供资源服务。
By contrast ，study for interest increases with age. Only 10% of students aged under 26 study out of interest. This percentage increases steadily as students get older. The proportion of students in the 40 -49 age group who study for interest is the same as the figure for those who study for career （around 40% ）. However, 70% of students aged over 49 （study for interest, while only 18% study for career reasons in this age group.
The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women of different employment status in March, 2002.
leisure / ˈleʒə(r) / ① 空闲时间 leisure time ② at leisure 悠闲地
We can see from the bar chart that in the employed full-time, unemployed and retired groups, men enjoyed more leisure time than women. The men in the unemployed group enjoyed the most leisure time （85 hours）, while the women in this group only had 75 hours. In the group of retirees, males had 83 hours of leisure time, whereas females had 75 hours. The difference between the figures for males and females in this group （8 hours）was the smallest of these three groups .Women who were employed on a full-time basis had the least leisure time （38 hours）.By contrast，men who worked full-time had 48 hours of leisure time.
on full-time basis : 全职工作
Only the figures for women are given for the groups of part-time employees and housewives, which show that female part-time workers and housewives had 39 and 52 hours of leisure time respectively.
[PREP]For is the preposition that is used after some nouns, adjectives, or verbs in order to introduce more information or to indicate what a quality, thing, or action relates to. 用于某些名词、形容词或动词之后，引出更多信息或指出相关的性质、事物、行为等
Reduced-calorie cheese is a great substitute for cream cheese. 低卡路里干酪是奶油干酪的极好替代品。Parking lot owners should be legally responsible for protecting vehicles.停车场场主应该依法负责保护车辆。
以下为我的理解：
不被动以前：give figures for the groups of….，这里的for是修饰figures 的
only 位于句首要不要倒装：一般来说，“only +状语（从句）”出现在句首，句子要用部分倒装，而“only +主语”的句子不倒装
Only when the tide goes out do you discover who’s been swimming naked. （只有当潮水退去，你才知道到底是谁在裸泳。）
Only if you pay attention can you learn.（处处留心皆学问。）
=You can learn only if you pay attention.
= You can only learn if you pay attention.“only +状语从句”置于句首，主句中的主谓须倒装，而不是从句中的主谓要倒装
Only his mother* really understands him.（只有他妈妈真正理解他。）
判断是否要倒装的本质：only及其所修饰的对象若是脱离了它们常规的位置而放在了句首，此时句子就需要用倒装结构
Only when we recognize that Confucian cultures have a completely different understanding of education, and we begin to understand the nature of those differences, are we going to make meaningful progress teaching English.
只有当我们认识到儒家文化对教育的理解与西方存在重大差异并且开始懂得这些差异的本质时，我们才能在英语教学上取得重大进步。如果没有倒装结构are we going to make，我们会很容易被这么多主谓结构干扰（比如we recognize…，Confucian cultures have…，we begin…）而迷失了断句方向，不知如何建立语义联结。从这个例句我们可以看出倒装标记的重要性。
句子结构有异动，用倒装做标记。
a. Only his mother really understands him.（只有他妈妈真正理解他。）
b. Only his mother will he obey.（他只听妈妈的话。）
a句就是 修饰位于句首的主语，句子结构没有异动，不需要倒装。
b句修身的是宾语，句子有异动，需要倒装
Only six months ago did Theresa May seem all-powerful. （就在6个月前，特蕾莎·梅似乎还是权力无限的。)
这里的only不是修饰six months ago，而是做名词性短语 six months
only six months = just six months = as recently as six months 仅仅6个月
We only play Mahjong on Friday nights.
= We play only Mahjong on Friday nights.
（我们周五晚上就只玩麻将（不做别的事））We only play Mahjong on Friday nights.
= We play Mahjong only on Friday nights.
我们只在周五晚上玩麻将（其他时间不玩）也就是 We only play Mahjong on Friday nights. 这句话是有歧义的，通过倒装就可以消除这种歧义
Only Mahjong do we play on Friday nights.
Only Mahjong do we play on Friday nights.
The charts below give information about US marriage and divorce rates between 1970 and 2000, and the marital status of adult Americans in two of the years.
marital / ˈmærɪt(ə)l / 婚姻的
marriage / ˈmærɪdʒ / ① 婚姻；②结婚; 婚礼
divorce / dɪˈvɔːs / ①n.离婚；② be divorced from… 离开…
widowed / ˈwɪdəʊd / 丧偶的
It is clear from the first bar chart that the marriage rate in the US was significantly higher than the divorce rate over the 30-year period. The number of marriages remained stable at 2. 5 million between 1970 and 1980, while the figure for divorces increased from 1 million to 1. 4 million over the same period. The number of marriages then gradually fell to 2 million over the following twenty years. Similarly, the figure for divorces also showed a downward trend, reaching 1.1 million in 1990 and 1 million in 2000.
The second bar chart shows that married people accounted for the largest proportion of the American adult population in both 1970 and 2000 （70% and 59% respectively）.The percentage of adult Americans who were never married was 14% in 1970 and it increased to 20% in 2000. By contrast ，people who were widowed represented 8% of the US adult population in 1970 and the figure declined to 6% in 2000. It is particularly noticeable that although divorced people only constituted 2% of the adult population of the US in 1970, in 2000 the figure was 9% （a 4.5 times increase）.
It is particularly noticeable that… 尤其值得注意的是…
The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three types, from 1995 — 2002.
Local fixed line 本地固定电话
The bar chart shows the time spent by UK residents on three different types of telephone calls between 1995 and 2002.
Local fixed line calls were the highest throughout the period, rising from 72 billion minutes in 1995 to just under 90 billion in 1998. After peaking at 90 billion the following year, these calls had fallen back to the 1995 figure by 2002.
National and international fixed line calls grew steadily from 38 billion to 61 billion at the end of the period, though the growth slowed over the last two years .
There was a dramatic increase in mobile calls from 2 billion to 46 billion minutes. This rise was particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2002, during which time the use of mobile phones tripled.
To sum up, although local fixed line calls were still the most popular in 2002, the gap between the three categories had narrowed significantly over the second half of the period.
the second half of … : …的后半部分
9.3.3.4 饼图（pie chart）实例
The graph below shows the demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter and summer. The pie chart shows how electricity is used in an average English home.
heat：vt 加热
oven：/ ˈʌv(ə)n / 烤箱
kettle：/ ˈket(ə)l / 热水壶
The line graph compares the need for electricity in England during typical days in two seasons, while the pie chart illustrates how electricity is used in an average English household.
It is clear that the electricity is used for four purposes. Heating rooms and water accounts for the highest proportion （52.5% ）of the total amount of electricity used, while the running of ovens, kettles and washing machines constitutes 17.5% of the total consumption of electricity. Lighting, TV and the radio represent the same proportion （15%） of power consumption as vacuum cleaners, food mixers and electric tools do.
第1句：介绍4个选项
The charts below illustrate the annual spending by a UK school in 1981, 1991 and 2001.
annual spending 每年的开支
The pie charts show how much a UK school spent on different running costs in three separate years：1981, 1991 and 2001.
separate / ˈseprət /
①adj 分开的; 不同的 separate years：不同的年份
②v(使)分离;(使) 脱离
They want to separate teaching from research.他们要把教学与研究分离开来。
It is clear that in all three years, ==teachers’ pay== accounted for the largest cost of running the school.This cost increased from 40% to 50% of total spending between 1981 and 1991, and then fell slightly to 48% in 2001. By contrast，although ==other workers’ salaries== represented the second highest cost in 1981 and 1991 （28% and 22% respectively），the figure had decreased significantly to only 15% by 2001.
Spending on ==resources such as books== had increased from 15% to 20% by 1991, before it decreased to only 9% in 2001. The cost of ==furniture and equipment== saw an opposite trend .This cost had declined from 15% to only 5% of total spending by 1991, but rose dramatically in 2001 when it made up 20% of the total spending. Similarly, the cost of ==insurance== saw a rising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001.
Overall, teachers’ salaries constituted the largest cost to the school, and although spending increased dramatically for equipment and insurance, there were decreases in spending on things such as books and on other workers’ salaries.
9.4 如何写结尾段
小作文结尾段的写法：写1~2句
结尾段里的结论只要是合理的而且确实是根据图里所给出的信息，而不是自己任意 想象、“添油加醋”编造出来的就是可以接受的，即使是考官们自己也并不希望把结论 想得过于深奥。
9.5 IELTS小作文的时态定律
Task 1小作文的时态完全遵循英文写作里的“时态与发生时间一一对应”的法则。
对于”此图展示了……”、”由此图可以看出……”这类陈述永恒事实的句型，主句的谓语动词必定使用一般现在时。
主体段内部介绍具体数据或者变化趋势的动词，均根据其所对应的具体时间来确定也就是说：介绍过去时间的数据或趋势就用过去时，介绍将来时间的数据或趋势就用将来时；
如果题目里面没有出现时间（是的，大约有五分之一的IELTS小作文考题不含具体时间），那么全文都使用一般现在时。
10 关于流程图的恶狼传说
10.1 流程图（process diagram）的4要素
流程图的信息比数学图表更零散，而且是“一环扣一环”的。因此，在看图时必须更加仔细
**流程图里面存在生词是完全正常的。**这些生词多数都是名词或动词，而且在生词旁边还配有解释性的图画，我们虽然不一定能准确地猜出它的意思，至少大方向是可以猜出来的。对待流程图里面生词的最好方法就是直接抄到文章里，然后不再理它，根本不会影响我们写。
表示顺序的单词和短语一定要多用。
At the first stage of （或者 in） the process, … / First, / First of all,…
At the second （或者 third / fourth 等）stage, …
After this,（英式英语里更常用）/After that,（美式英语里更常用）
=Next, …
=At the next stage of （或者 in） the process, …
=At the following stage of （或者 in）the process,…then：可以放句首，也可以放在被动语态里的be动词和过去分词之间
Then, the information is sent back to the server.
= The information is then sent back to the server.At this stage, / At this point,（在这个阶段）
Finally,
如果发现流程图特别复杂，那么就合并成几个大步来写
10.2 真题放送
The diagram below shows how The Australian Bureau of Meteorology collects up-to-the-minute information on the weather in order to produce reliable forecasts.
incoming information 信息接收
analysis & forecasting 分析和预报
preparing the broadcast 准备播放
broadcast 播放
meteorology / ˌmiːtiəˈrɒlədʒi / 气象学
bureau / ˈbjʊərəʊ / ①n 局 ；②分公司
The Australian Bureau of Meteorology 澳大利亚气象局
up-to-the-minute ： 最新的，最即时的
satellite / ˈsætlˌlaɪt / 人造卫星 satellites / ˈsætlˌlaɪts /
radar / ˈredɑː/ 雷达
drifting / ˈdrɪftɪŋ / 漂流的，飘动的
buoy / bɔɪ / buoys /bɔɪz/
The process diagram illustrates how the Australian Bureau of Meteorology forecasts the weather.
There are four main stages in the weather forecast process. The process begins with the collection of weather data. At this stage, information about the weather is collected from outer space, on land and at sea, with satellites, radars, and drifting buoys respectively. The information about the weather is then analysed by weather forecast experts, who study the satellite photos, radar screens, and synoptic charts to forecast the weather. At the third stage in the process, the weather forecast is prepared for broadcast, which is done on computers. Finally, the weather forecast is broadcast to the public on TV, on the radio or as a recorded telephone announcement.
broadcast 在英式英语里这个词的被动形式可不加-ed
In summary, the process diagram shows how information on the weather is collected, analysed, prepared for presentation, and finally delivered to the public by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology.
The diagram below shows the shaping and growth of the forests in Yellowstone National Park after a fire disaster.
shaping and growth : 形成(塑造)和生长
devastating / ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ / 破坏性极强的
The process diagram illustrates the main stages in the recovery process of a forest in Yellowstone National Park after a devastating forest fire.
It is clear from the process diagram that the old forest is destroyed by lightning and fire. During the first 50 years after the forest fire, many young trees appear in the burned area. Although some of them continue to grow over the second 50 years, the total number of trees in this area decreases. At the next stage of the recovery process, the number of trees remains stable and they continue to grow in size for two centuries. After that, the total number of trees in this area falls again, eventually becoming similar to that of the old forest.
Overall, the process diagram shows that it can take 300 years or more for a forest in Yellowstone National Park to fully recover from a devastating wildfire.
The diagrams below show the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process, and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.
manufacture n. & vt. 制造
raw material n. 原料
i. e. 学术写作里常用的一个拉丁词=that is, …
blend vt. 混合
rotating adj.旋转的
compound n.混合物
feed vt.在描述制造工艺时feed是“输送”的意思，注意它的过去分词是fed
grind vt. 碾压，注意它的过去分词是ground
pack vt.打包
The process diagrams illustrate the main steps in cement production and how cement is used in the manufacture of concrete for construction purposes.
step: 步骤，常用于介绍制造工艺和操作过程的流程图
It is clear that the cement-making process begins with the raw materials — i.e. , limestone and clay, being crushed into powder in a crusher. The powder is blended in a mixer at the next stage of the process, and then transported to a rotating heater. After being heated in the heater, the compound is fed to a grinder and ground into cement, which is then packed into bags.
crush / krʌʃ / vt 压扁; 压碎 crushed/ krʌʃt /
crusher / ˈkrʌʃə(r) / 压碎机
After the cement is prepared, it is mixed in a revolving concrete mixer with water, sand and gravel in the proportion of 15% : 10% :25% ：50% to produce concrete, as shown in the second process diagram.
In summary, the two process diagrams show the manufacturing process of cement and its role as a key material in the production of concrete.
role : n. 作用
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