Part 1
听力原文
SHIRLEY: Hello?
TOM: Oh hello. I was hoping to speak to Jack Fitzgerald about renting a cottage.
SHIRLEY: I’m his wife, Shirley, and we own the cottages together, so I’m sure I can help you.
TOM: Great. My name’s Tom. Some friends of ours rented Granary Cottage from you last year, and they thought it was great. So my wife and I are hoping to come in May for a week.
SHIRLEY: What date did you have in mind?
TOM: The week beginning the 14th, if possible.
SHIRLEY: I’ll just check … I’m sorry, Tom, it’s already booked that week. It’s free the week beginning the 28th, though, for seven nights. In fact, that’s the only time you could have it in May.
TOM: Oh. Well, we could manage that, I think. We’d just need to change a couple of things. How much would it cost?
SHIRLEY: That’s the beginning of high season, so it’d be £550 for the week.
TOM: Ah. That’s a bit more than we wanted to pay, I’m afraid. We’ve budgeted up to £500 for accommodation.
SHIRLEY: Well, we’ve just finished converting another building into a cottage, which we’re calling Chervil Cottage.
TOM: Sorry? What was that again?
SHIRLEY: Chervil. C-H-E-R-V for Victor I-L.
renting a cottage,租一间小屋/ˈkɒtɪdʒ/
we own the cottages together, 我们共同拥有这些小屋
rented Granary Cottage, 租了Granary Cottage。granary /ˈɡrænəri/ N-COUNT 谷仓；粮仓
What date did you have in mind?, 你想的是几号？
The week beginning the 14th, 从14号开始的一周
It’s free the week beginning the 28th, 从28号开始的那一周是空闲的
change a couple of things, 改变一些事情
the beginning of high season,旺季的开始
That’s a bit more than we wanted to pay, 这比我们想支付的要多一点
We’ve budgeted up to ￡500 for accommodation, 我们已经预算了高达500英镑的住宿费用。budgeted /ˈbʌdʒɪtɪd/ 制订预算，计划（开支）。
converting another building into a cottage, 将另一栋建筑改建为小屋。converting /kənˈvɜːtɪŋ/ [ I or T ]（使）改变，（使）转变;（使）改信;（使）皈依
Chervil Cottage, 切尔维尔小屋。chervil /ˈtʃɜː.vɪl/ 细叶芹
TOM: Oh, that’s a herb, isn’t it?
SHIRLEY: That’s right. It grows fairly wild around here. You could have that for the week you want for £480.
TOM: OK. So could you tell me something about it, please?
SHIRLEY: Of course. The building was built as a garage. It’s a little smaller than Granary Cottage.
TOM: So that must sleep two people, as well?
SHIRLEY: That’s right. There’s a double bedroom.
TOM: Does it have a garden?
SHIRLEY: Yes, you get to it from the living room through French doors, and we provide two deckchairs. We hope to build a patio in the near future, but I wouldn’t like to guarantee it’ll be finished by May.
TOM: OK.
that’s a herb, isn’t it?, 那是一种草药，不是吗？
It grows fairly wild around here, 它在这周围长得相当野生/茂盛。grows/ɡrəʊz/。 fairly /ˈfeəli/ ADV 相当;还;尚。wild /waɪld/ 野生的;未经栽培的;未经驯化的
The building was built as a garage, 这栋楼是作为车库建造的。garage/ˈɡærɑːʒ/ N-COUNT 车库；停车房
So that must sleep two people, as well?, 那么那个（房间/床等）也一定能睡两个人，对吧？sleep /sliːp/（车辆、帐篷等）躺得下，可供…睡觉。
a double bedroom, 一间双人卧室
you get to it from the living room through French doors, 你可以从客厅通过法式门进入。it指代garden。
deckchairs, /ˈdɛktʃeəz/ N-COUNT (通常指海滩上、船上或花园里用的)帆布折叠躺椅
build a patio, 建造一个露台。patio /ˈpætiəʊ/ n.(房屋外面或后面的)露台，平台
in the near future, 不久的将来
SHIRLEY: The front door opens onto the old farmyard, and parking isn’t a problem – there’s plenty of room at the front for that. There are some trees and potted plants there.
TOM: What about facilities in the cottage? It has standard things like a cooker and fridge, I presume.
SHIRLEY: In the kitchen area there’s a fridge-freezer and we’ve just put in an electric cooker.
The front door opens onto the old farmyard, 前门通向老农场。
potted plants, /ˈpɒtɪd plɑːnts/ 盆栽植物。potted /ˈpɒtɪd/ 盆栽的
What about facilities in the cottage?, 小屋的设施怎么样？facilities /fəˈsɪlɪtiz/ N-COUNT 设备;设施
cooker and fridge, 炊具和冰箱 /frɪdʒ/
kitchen area, 厨房区域
fridge-freezer, /ˌfrɪdʒ ˈfriːzə(r)/(英国英语)（有冷藏室和冷冻室的）立式冰箱；双门冰箱
put in an electric cooker, 装了一台电炉。put in 安装（设备）(FIX)。electric cooker /ɪˈlektrɪk ˈkʊkə(r)/
TOM: Is there a washing machine?
SHIRLEY:Yes. There’s also a TV in the living room, which plays DVDs too. The bathroom is too small for a bath, so there’s a shower instead. I think a lot of people prefer that nowadays, anyway.
TOM: It’s more environmentally friendly, isn’t it? Unless you spend half the day in it!
SHIRLEY: Exactly.
TOM: What about heating? It sometimes gets quite cool at that time of year.
SHIRLEY: There’s central heating, and if you want to light a fire, there’s a stove. We can provide all the wood you need for it. It smells so much nicer than coal, and it makes the room very cosy – we’ve got one in our own house.
TOM: That sounds very pleasant. Perhaps we should come in the winter, to make the most of it!
washing machine, /ˈwɒʃɪŋ məʃiːn/ 洗衣机
plays DVDs, 播放DVD
The bathroom is too small for a bath，so there’s a shower instead, 浴室太小，不能泡澡，所以改为淋浴。
environmentally friendly, adj.环保的；不损害环境的 /ɪnˌvaɪrənmentəli ˈfrendli/
Unless you spend half the day in it!, 除非你在里面呆了半天！
central heating, n.集中供热；中央供暖(系统)
light a fire, /laɪt ə ˈfaɪə(r)/ 生火；点火
It smells so much nicer than coal, 它闻起来比煤香多了。coal /kəʊl/ N-UNCOUNT 煤
makes the room very cosy, 让房间非常舒适。cosy /ˈkəʊzi/ ADJ-GRADED 暖和舒适的
That sounds very pleasant, 听起来很合适。pleasant /ˈpleznt/ ADJ-GRADED 令人愉快的；舒适的；合意的
make the most of it, 充分利用它。make the most of /meɪk ðə məʊst ɒv/ 尽量利用;充分利用
SHIRLEY: Yes, we find we don’t want to go out when we’ve got the fire burning. There are some attractive views from the cottage, which I haven’t mentioned. There’s a famous stone bridge – it’s one of the oldest in the region, and you can see it from the living room. It isn’t far away. The bedroom window looks in the opposite direction, and has a lovely view of the hills and the monument at the top.
TOM: Well, that all sounds perfect. I’d like to book it, please. Would you want a deposit?
SHIRLEY: Yes, we ask for thirty percent to secure your booking, so that’ll be, um, £144.
TOM: And when would you like the rest of the money?
SHIRLEY: You’re coming in May, so the last day of March, please.
TOM: Fine.
SHIRLEY: Excellent. Could I just take your details …
There are some attractive views from the cottage, 从小屋可以看到一些吸引人的景色
stone bridge, 石桥
it’s one of the oldest in the region, 这是这个地区最古老的桥之一。oldest /ˈəʊldɪst/
The bedroom window looks in the opposite direction, 卧室的窗户朝向相反的方向。bedroom /ˈbedruːm/ N-COUNT 卧室；卧房。注意bedroom 的发音。opposite /ˈɒpəzɪt/。direction /dəˈrekʃn/。
a lovely view of the hills, 美丽的山景。lovely /ˈlʌvli/ 美丽的；优美的；有吸引力的；迷人的。
the monument at the top, 顶部的纪念碑。monument /ˈmɒnjumənt/ N-COUNT 纪念碑。
Would you want a deposit?, 你要押金吗？。deposit /dɪˈpɒzɪt/。
ask for thirty percent to secure your booking, 要求30%来确保您的预订。secure /sɪˈkjʊər/
when would you like the rest of the money?, 剩下的钱你想什么时候要？
听力题目
Holiday rental
- Owners’ names: Jack Fitzgerald and Shirley Fitzgerald
- Granary Cottage
- available for week beginning 28th May
- cost for the week: £ 550
- Chervil Cottage
- cost for the week: £480
- building was originally a garage
- walk through doors from living room into a garden
- several parking spaces at the front
- bathroom has a shower
- central heating and stove that burns wood
- views of old bridge from living room
- view of hilltop monument from the bedroom
- Payment
- deposit: £144
- deadline for final payment: end of March
available for week beginning 28th May, 从5月28日开始的一周可用
building was originally a garage, 这座建筑原本是一个车库
deadline for final payment, 最终付款截止日期
Part 2
听力原文
CHAIRPERSON: Right. Next on the agenda we have traffic and highways. Councillor Thornton.
chairperson, /ˈtʃeəpɜːsn/主席，议长
Next on the agenda we have traffic and highways, 下一个议程是交通和高速公路。on the agenda 在议事日程中。agenda /əˈdʒendə/ N-COUNT （政治）议题，议事日程。我觉得顺序应该是这样的，Next we have traffic and highways on the agenda，接下来，我们的议程上有交通和高速公路。
Councillor Thornton, 桑顿议员。councillor /ˈkaʊnsələ(r)/ N-COUNT; N-TITLE 市议员;政务委员会委员。/ˈθɔrntən/
COUNCILLOR THORNTON: Thank you. Well, we now have the results of the survey carried out last month about traffic and road transport in the town. People were generally satisfied with the state of the roads. There were one or two complaints about potholes which will be addressed, but a significant number of people complained about the increasing number of heavy vehicles using our local roads to avoid traffic elsewhere. We’d expected more complaints by commuters about the reduction in the train service, but it doesn’t seem to have affected people too much. The cycle path that runs alongside the river is very well used by both cyclists and pedestrians since the surface was improved last year, but overtaking can be a problem so we’re going to add a bit on the side to make it wider. At some stage, we’d like to extend the path so that it goes all the way through the town, but that won’t be happening in the immediate future.
the results of the survey carried out last month, 上个月进行的调查结果
traffic and road transport in the town, 城镇的交通和道路运输
People were generally satisfied with the state of the roads, 人们普遍对道路状况感到满意。/ˈsætɪsfaɪd/
potholes which will be addressed, 将要解决的坑洼。potholes /ˈpɒthəʊlz/ N-COUNT （因来往车辆和恶劣天气而造成的）路面坑洼，路面坑洞
heavy vehicles using our local roads to avoid traffic elsewhere, 重型车辆使用我们当地的道路避开其他地方的交通。heavy vehicles /ˈhevi ˈviːɪklz/。这个句子表达了重型车辆为了绕开其他交通繁忙的路段而选择使用本地道路的情况。
complaints by commuters, 通勤者的投诉。commuters /kəˈmjuːtəz/ 上下班往返的人。complaints /kəmˈpleɪnts/ N-VAR 投诉;意见;抱怨
the reduction in the train service, 列车服务的减少。train service /treɪn ˈsɜːvɪs/。reduction /rɪˈdʌkʃn/。
affected people too much, 对人们造成太大的影响
The cycle path that runs alongside the river, 沿河的自行车道。alongside /əˌlɒŋˈsaɪd/PREP 在…旁边；沿着…的边。cycle path /ˈsaɪkl pɑːθ/ 自行车车道。
both cyclists and pedestrians, 骑车人和行人/ˈsaɪklɪsts/。/pɪˈdɛstrɪənz/。
the surface was improved, 路面有所改善。/ˈsɜːfɪs/
overtaking can be a problem, 超车可能是个问题/ˌəʊvəˈteɪkɪŋ/
add a bit on the side, 在旁边加一点
make it wider, 让它更宽
At some stage, 在某个阶段
extend the path, 延长这条路。extend /ɪkˈstend/VERB 延长;使延期
it goes all the way through the town, 它一路穿过城镇。all the way /ɔːl ðə weɪ/一路上，自始至终：表示某事物或某行为从开始到结束持续发生，没有中断。go through 通过，穿过：表示从某个地方或过程中穿过或经过。
He has come all the way from Leeds to look for a job, 他从利兹远道而来寻找工作
I had to cycle all the way to work against the wind, 我不得不一路顶着风去上班
in the immediate future, /ɪn ðə ɪˈmiːdiət ˈfjuːtʃə(r)/ 在不久的将来
The plans to have a pedestrian crossing next to the Post Office have unfortunately had to be put on hold for the time being. We’d budgeted for this to be done this financial year, but then there were rumours that the Post Office was going to move, which would have meant there wasn’t really a need for a crossing. Now they’ve confirmed that they’re staying where they are, but the Highways Department have told us that it would be dangerous to have a pedestrian crossing where we’d originally planned it as there’s a bend in the road there. So that’ll need some more thought.
have a pedestrian crossing, 有人行横道。pedestrian crossing /pəˌdestriən ˈkrɒsɪŋ/ 人行横道。pedestrian /pəˈdestriən/ （尤指城镇的）步行者，行人
had to be put on hold for the time being, 不得不暂时搁置。put on hold /pʊt ɒn həʊld/ 暂停；暂时搁置。for the time being /fɔː(r) ðə taɪm ˈbiːɪŋ/ 目前;暂时
this financial year,本财政年度
We’d budgeted for this to be done, 为了这刚项目可以完成，我们已经做了预算。budgeted /ˈbʌdʒɪtɪd/ VERB 把…编入预算
there were rumours, 有传言 。rumours /ˈruːməz/ N-VAR 谣言;流言;传闻
which would have meant, 这意味着。meant /ment/ 。mean/miːn/的过去分词和过去式
they’re staying where they are, 他们待在原地
a pedestrian crossing where we’d originally planned it, 我们最初计划的人行横道
there’s a bend in the road there, 那边的路有个弯。bend/bend/ N-COUNT （路、管道等的）弯曲处，转弯处
hat’ll need some more thought, 这需要多加考虑。/ˈðætəl/
On Station Road near the station and level crossing, drivers can face quite long waits if the level crossing’s closed, and we’ve now got signs up requesting them not to leave their engines running at that time. This means pedestrians waiting on the pavement to cross the railway line don’t have to breathe in car fumes. We’ve had some problems with cyclists leaving their bikes chained to the railings outside the ticket office, but the station has agreed to provide bike racks there.
level crossing,（铁路与公路的）平面交叉路口
On Station Road near the station and level crossing, 在车站和平交道口附近的Station Road上
got signs up, 张贴出标识“get something up”指的是将某物（如海报、标识牌等）张贴、展示或公布出来。
leave their engines running, 让他们的发动机运转。“leave”的意思是“使（某物）保持在某种状态”或“让（某物）继续处于某种状态”
on the pavement, 在人行道上 /ɒn ðə ˈpeɪvmənt/ pavement N-COUNT 人行道
railway line, 铁轨
breathe in car fumes, 吸入汽车尾气。breathe in /briːð ɪn/ PHRASAL VERB 吸入；吸气。breathe /briːð/ 。fumes /fjuːmz/ N-PLURAL (难闻且常为有害的)烟,气体
cyclists leaving their bikes chained to the railings, 骑自行车的人把自行车拴在栏杆上。chained /tʃeɪnd/ ，chain/tʃeɪn/的过去分词和过去式，VERB 用链子捆住;把…拴起来（~ to sth）。railings /ˈreɪlɪŋz/ N-COUNT （金属的）栏杆，围栏。rail[可数名词, 通常用复数形式] 铁轨；轨道
outside the ticket office, 在售票处的外面
provide bike racks, 提供自行车架。bike racks /baɪk ræks/ 自行车架。racks n.支架；
CHAIRPERSON: So next on the agenda is ‘Proposals for improvements to the recreation ground’. Councillor Thornton again.
Proposals for improvements to the recreation ground, 游乐场的改进建议。recreation ground /ˌrekriˈeɪʃn ɡraʊnd/ (英国英语)公共娱乐场。recreation /ˌriːkriˈeɪʃn/ ①N-VAR 休闲；娱乐 ② N-COUNT 重现；重建
COUNCILLOR THORNTON: Well, since we managed to extend the recreation ground, we’ve spent some time talking to local people about how it could be made a more attractive and useful space. If you have a look at the map up on the screen, you can see the river up in the north, and the Community Hall near the entrance from the road. At present, cars can park between the Community Hall and that line of trees to the east, but this is quite dangerous for pedestrians so we’re suggesting a new car park on the opposite side of the Community Hall, right next to it. We also have a new location for the cricket pitch. As we’ve now purchased additional space to the east of the recreation ground, beyond the trees, we plan to move it away from its current location, which is rather near the road, into this new area beyond the line of trees. This means there’s less danger of stray balls hitting cars or pedestrians.
managed to extend the recreation ground, 设法扩建了游乐场。extend /ɪkˈstend/ VERB 扩大;延长。managed /ˈmænɪdʒd/
you can see the river up in the north, 你可以看到北边的河。在口语或非正式书面语中，人们常用“up”来加强方向或位置的指示，在这里应该是指地图的上面。
the Community Hall, 社区大厅
near the entrance from the road, 靠近道路入口(公路路口)。“from the road”表示入口是从道路这一特定起点或来源进入的。它强调的是从道路到某个地方（如建筑、场地等）的入口
cars can park, 汽车可以停车
that line of trees to the east, 东边那排树。“to the east”整体意思是“朝向东边”或“在东边”
on the opposite side of the Community Hall, 在社区大厅的另一边。opposite side /ˈɒpəzɪt saɪd/ 另一边
the cricket pitch, 板球场 cricket /ˈkrɪkɪt/ N-UNCOUNT 板球(运动)。 pitch /pɪtʃ/N-COUNT （足球、板球、曲棍球等运动的）球场
purchased additional space, 购买额外空间(土地)。purchased /ˈpɜːtʃəst/ 。
space to the east of the recreation ground, 游乐场东侧的空间
beyond the trees, 在树林之外
move it away from its current location, 将其从当前位置移开
rather near the road, 离马路很近
this new area beyond the line of trees, 树木线之外的这个新区域
danger of stray balls hitting cars or pedestrians, 射偏了的球击中汽车或行人的危险。stray balls射偏了的球击。stray /streɪ/ 零星的；孤立的；离群的；走散的。
We’ve got plans for a children’s playground which will be accessible by a footpath from the Community Hall and will be alongside the river. We’d originally thought of having it close to the road, but we think this will be a more attractive location.
We’ve got plans for a children’s playground, 我们有一个关于儿童游乐园的计划。 have got拥有，具有（美国英语的非正式语体中有时用got） children’s playground /ˈtʃɪldrənz ˈpleɪɡraʊnd/。playground /ˈpleɪɡraʊnd/ （尤指学校或公园中的）游戏场，游乐场；操场
be accessible by a footpath, 可通过小路进入 accessible /əkˈsesəbl/ ADJ-GRADED 易到达的;易进入的;易够到的。 footpath /ˈfʊtpɑːθ/ N-COUNT (尤指乡间的)小路
We’d originally thought of having it close to the road, 我们原本想让它靠近公路
The skateboard ramp is very popular with both younger and older children – we had considered moving this up towards the river, but in the end we decided to have it in the southeast corner near the road. The pavilion is very well used at present by both football players and cricketers. It will stay where it is now – to the left of the line of trees and near to the river – handy for both the football and cricket pitches.
skateboard ramp, 滑板坡道。 skateboard /ˈskeɪtbɔːd/ N-COUNT 滑板，记忆skate n.冰鞋 + board n.长而薄的木板。ramp /ræmp/ N-COUNT 斜面；斜坡；坡面
moving this up towards the river, 把它移到河边
have it in the southeast corner near the road, 把它放在东南角靠近马路的地方
The pavilion is very well used, 这个亭子使用得很好。pavilion /pəˈvɪliən/ N-COUNT （花园或公园里的）亭，阁
both football players and cricketers, 足球运动员和板球运动员。 cricketers /ˈkrɪkɪtəz/ N-COUNT 板球运动员
It will stay where it is now, 它将停留在现在的位置
to the left of the line of trees, 在那排树的左边
near to the river, 靠近河边
handy for both the football and cricket pitches, 足球场和板球场都很方便。handy /ˈhændi/ 有用的；方便的，便利的
And finally, we’ll be getting a new notice board for local information, and that will be directly on people’s right as they go from the road into the recreation ground.
a new notice board, 一个新的公告板
be directly on people’s right as they go from the road into the recreation ground, 当人们从马路进入游乐场时，它将直接位于他们的右侧。directly /dəˈrektli/ ADV 直接地;正好地。
听力题目
Local council report on traffic and highways
A survey found people’s main concern about traffic in the area was
- A. cuts to public transport.
- B. poor maintenance of roads.
- C. changes in the type of traffic √
Which change will shortly be made to the cycle path next to the river?
- A. It will be widened. √
- B. It will be extended.
- C. It will be resurfaced.
Plans for a pedestrian crossing have been postponed because
- A. the Post Office has moved.
- B. the proposed location is unsafe. √
- C. funding is not available at present.
On Station Road, notices have been erected
- A. telling cyclists not to leave their bikes outside the station ticket office.
- B. asking motorists to switch off engines when waiting at the level crossing. √
- C. warning pedestrians to leave enough time when crossing the railway line.
cuts to public transport, 削减公共交通
poor maintenance of roads, 道路维护不善
changes in the type of traffic, 交通类型的变化
It will be widened, 它将被拓宽
It will be extended, 它将被延长
It will be resurfaced, 它将被重铺路面。resurfaced /ˌriːˈsɜːfɪst/ VERB 给…重铺路面
have been postponed, 已被推迟 /pəˈspəʊnd/
the proposed location is unsafe, 建议的位置不安全。proposed /prəˈpəʊzd/ adj.建议的；提出的；推荐的
funding is not available at present, 目前没有资金。funding /ˈfʌndɪŋ/ N-UNCOUNT (政府或机构提供的)资金，款项，拨款
notices have been erected, 通知已经竖立。erected /ɪˈrektɪd/ ①VERB 建造;建筑；设置②竖立;使直立
asking motorists to switch off engines, 要求驾驶者关闭发动机。motorists /ˈməʊtərɪsts/ N-COUNT 汽车驾驶人;驾驶员
warning pedestrians to leave enough time, 警告行人留出足够的时间
New car park : C
New cricket pitch : F
Children’s playground : A
Skateboard ramp : I
Pavilion : E
Notice board : H
Part 3
听力原文
JAKE: Now that we’ve done all the research into bike-sharing schemes in cities around the world, we need to think about how we’re going to organise our report.
AMY: Right. I think we should start by talking about the benefits. I mean it’s great that so many cities have introduced these schemes where anyone can pick up a bike from dozens of different locations and hire it for a few hours. It makes riding a bike very convenient for people.
JAKE: Yes, but the costs can add up and that puts people on low incomes off in some places.
AMY: I suppose so, but if it means more people in general are cycling rather than driving, then because they’re increasing the amount of physical activity they do, it’s good for their health.
JAKE: OK. But isn’t that of less importance? I mean, doesn’t the impact of reduced emissions on air pollution have a more significant effect on people’s health?
AMY: Certainly, in some cities bike-sharing has made a big contribution to that. And also helped to cut the number of cars on the road significantly.
JAKE: Which is the main point.
AMY: Exactly. But I’d say it’s had less of an impact on noise pollution because there are still loads of buses and lorries around.
JAKE: Right.
bike-sharing schemes, 共享单车计划。schemes /skiːmz/ N-COUNT (政府或其他组织的)计划，方案，安排。sharing /ˈʃeərɪŋ/。
bike-sharing schemes in cities around the world, 世界各地城市的自行车共享计划
so many cities have introduced these schemes, 这么多城市都推出了这些方案。introduced /ˌɪntrəˈdjuːst/ VERB 引进;首次引入;推行
dozens of different locations, 从几十个不同的地方。dozens /ˈdʌznz/。
hire it for a few hours, 租几个小时。hire /ˈhaɪə(r)/
the costs can add up, 费用会积累起来。add up /æd ʌp/ PHRASAL VERB 积少成多；聚沙成塔
puts people on low incomes off in some places, 让一些地方的低收入人群望而却步。 put sb off：PHRASAL VERB 使反感；使对…失去兴趣。（注意连读）
if it means more people in general are cycling rather than driving, 如果这意味着总体上更多人选择骑自行车而不是开车。注意连读
physical activity, 体育活动/ˈfɪzɪkl ækˈtɪvəti/
But isn’t that of less importance?, 但那不是次要的吗？/ 但那不是不太重要吗？。
But isn’t that of less importance? 这里用到了否定疑问句。否定疑问句 negative questions 指的是英语中一般疑问句的否定形式。通常情况下，我们会使用否定疑问句来表示惊喜、诧异、反问、责备或建议等多种语气。
That is a beautiful hat.那顶帽子真漂亮。
Isn’t that a beautiful hat? 那难道不是一顶漂亮的帽子么？
更多否定疑问句的内容：
关于这个句子的语法点，还是不清楚
反意疑问句的基本结构是“肯定陈述+否定疑问”或“否定陈述+肯定疑问”。
- 肯定陈述+否定疑问：You are a student, aren’t you?（你是一名学生，不是吗？）
- 否定陈述+肯定疑问：He doesn’t like coffee, does he?（他不喜欢喝咖啡，是吗？）
“of + 名词”构成的形容词短语
“of + 名词”可以构成一个形容词短语，用来描述某个事物的性质或特征。在这个短语中，“of”表示“具有……的”或“属于……的”意思。然而，“of less importance”虽然可以理解，但并不是一个特别常见的表达。更常见的表达方式是“less important”或“of lesser importance”。
the impact of reduced emissions on air pollution, 减排对空气污染的影响。reduced adj.减少的/rɪˈdjuːst/ 可以做形容词，放在名词前面。reduced emissions 减少排放/iˈmɪʃnz/。air pollution /eə(r) pəˈluːʃn/。
Certainly, /ˈsɜːtnli/ ADV-GRADED 当然;肯定
made a big contribution to that, 对此做出了很大的贡献
cars on the road, 路上的汽车(注意连读)
Which is the main point., 这才是重点。 PRON-REL (用来回指前面句子表达的观点或状况)这，那
had less of an impact on noise pollution, 对噪音污染的影响较小(注意连读)
loads of buses and lorries, 很多公交车和卡车。loads of /ləʊdz ɒv/adj.大量；许多。lorries /ˈlɒriz/。
AMY: Shall we quickly discuss the recommendations we’re going to make?
JAKE: In order to ensure bike-sharing schemes are successful?
AMY: Yes.
JAKE: OK. Well, while I think it’s nice to have really state-of-the art bikes with things like GPS, I wouldn’t say they’re absolutely necessary.
AMY: But some technical things are really important – like a fully functional app – so people can make payments and book bikes easily. Places which haven’t invested in that have really struggled.
JAKE: Good point … Some people say there shouldn’t be competing companies offering separate bike-sharing schemes, but in some really big cities, competition’s beneficial and anyway one company might not be able to manage the whole thing.
AMY: Right. Deciding how much to invest is a big question. Cities which have opened loads of new bike lanes at the same time as introducing bike-sharing schemes have generally been more successful – but there are examples of successful schemes where this hasn’t happened … What does matter though – is having a big publicity campaign.
JAKE: Definitely. If people don’t know how to use the scheme or don’t understand its benefits, they won’t use it. People need a lot of persuasion to stop using their cars.
the recommendations we’re going to make, 我们将提出的建议。/ˌrɛkəmɛnˈdeɪʃənz/
really state-of-the art bikes, 真正最先进的自行车。state-of-the art 最先进的英 /ˌsteɪt əv ði ˈɑːt/
while, 虽然
I wouldn’t say they’re absolutely necessary, 但我不会说它们是绝对必要的
a fully functional app, 功能齐全的应用程序。
some technical things, 一些技术问题。technical /ˈteknɪkl/ ADJ 技术的;工艺的
make payments and book bikes, 付款和预订自行车
Places which haven’t invested in that have really struggled, 那些在科技方面（that指代some technical things）没有投入的地方真的很困难。(注意连读。) struggled /ˈstrʌɡld/ VERB 艰难地做;吃力地做
there shouldn’t be competing companies offering separate bike-sharing schemes, 不应该有竞争公司提供单独的共享单车计划。competing companies 相互竞争的公司，competing /kəmˈpiːtɪŋ/ ADJ 相互冲突的;相互矛盾的。separate /ˈseprət , ˈsepəreɪt/ ①ADJ 分开的;单独的;独立的 ②ADJ 不同的;各别的
competition’s beneficial, 等于 competition is beneficial 竞争是有益的。/ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/。/ˌbenɪˈfɪʃl/。
how much to invest, 投资多少。注意这里音的变化：to /tə/+/w/+ /ɪnˈvest/ invest
Cities which have opened loads of new bike lanes, 开设了大量新自行车道的城市。loads of /ləʊdz ɒv/大量；许多。 opened /ˈəʊpənd/ 这里的/d/变成了/g/。bike lanes /baɪk leɪnz/ 自行车道；自行车专用道。
at the same time, /æt ðə seɪm taɪm/ 同时
introducing bike-sharing schemes, 引入共享单车计划
there are examples of successful schemes where this hasn’t happened, 有一些成功的计划没有出现这种情况。
What does matter though – is having a big publicity campaign, 不过，重要的是要有一个大型的宣传活动。though /ðəʊ/ ADV 不过;但是。 What does matter 什么才重要， matter /ˈmætə(r)/ verb [ I ] 要紧，重要，有关系，这里does 起到强调作用。publicity campaign /pʌbˈlɪsəti kæmˈpeɪn/ 宣传活动。publicity /pʌbˈlɪsəti/ N-UNCOUNT 宣传；报道。
it doesn’t matter, CONVENTION 都行;无所谓;随便
People need a lot of persuasion to stop using their cars, 人们需要大量的说服才能停止使用他们的汽车。persuasion /pəˈsweɪʒn/ N-UNCOUNT 说服；劝说
AMY: Shall we look at some examples now? And say what we think is good or bad about them.
JAKE: I suppose we should start with Amsterdam as this was one of the first cities to have a bike-sharing scheme.
AMY: Yes. There was already a strong culture of cycling here. In a way it’s strange that there was such a demand for bike-sharing because you’d have thought most people would have used their own bikes.
JAKE: And yet it’s one of the best-used schemes … Dublin’s an interesting example of a success story.
AMY: It must be because the public transport system’s quite limited.
JAKE: Not really – there’s no underground, but there are trams and a good bus network. I’d say price has a lot to do with it. It’s one of the cheapest schemes in Europe to join.
AMY: But the buses are really slow – anyway the weather certainly can’t be a factor!
JAKE: No – definitely not. The London scheme’s been quite successful.
AMY: Yes – it’s been a really good thing for the city. The bikes are popular and the whole system is well maintained but it isn’t expanding quickly enough.
JAKE: Basically, not enough’s been spent on increasing the number of cycle lanes. Hopefully that’ll change.
Amsterdam, 阿姆斯特丹/ˈæmstəˈdæm/
good or bad about them, 他们的好或坏。注意连读
In a way, 在某种程度上 from some points of view
it’s strange that, 奇怪的是…。strange /streɪndʒ/
And yet it’s one of the best-used schemes, 然而，这是使用最广泛的计划之一。And yet /ənd jet/
Dublin, /ˈdʌblən/ 都柏林 （爱尔兰共和国首都，位于该国东北部海岸）
example of a success story, 成功案例。（注意连读）example of /ɪɡˈzɑːmpl ɒv/。success story /səkˈses stɔːri/ 获得巨大成功的人(或事物)
the public transport system’s quite limited, 公共交通系统很有限
there are trams and a good bus network, 有电车和良好的公交网络。trams /træmz/ 有轨电车
price has a lot to do with it, 价格与此有很大关系。have to do with /hæv tu duː wɪð/ 与…有关，和…有关系
It’s one of the cheapest schemes in Europe to join, （如果）要加入（to join），这是欧洲最便宜计划之一（注意连读）cheapest /ˈtʃiːpɪst/。Europe /ˈjʊərəp/。
the weather certainly can’t be a factor, 天气肯定不是一个因素！
the whole system is well maintained, 整个系统维护得很好
it isn’t expanding quickly enough, 扩展得不够快。（注意连读） it isn’t expanding/ɪt ˈɪznt ɪkˈspændɪŋ/
Basically, /ˈbeɪsɪkli/ 总的说来；从根本上说 used when you are giving your opinion or stating what is important about a situation
not enough’s been spent on increasing the number of cycle lanes, 在增加自行车道数量上投入的资金还不够。not enough’s = not enough has = 钱不够多，没有足够的钱。cycle lanes /ˈsaɪkl leɪnz/
AMY: Yes. Now what about outside Europe?
JAKE: Well bike-sharing schemes have taken off in places like Buenos Aires.
AMY: Mmm. They built a huge network of cycle lanes to support the introduction of the scheme there, didn’t they? It attracted huge numbers of cyclists where previously there were hardly any.
JAKE: An example of good planning.
AMY: Absolutely. New York is a good example of how not to introduce a scheme. When they launched it, it was more than ten times the price of most other schemes.
JAKE: More than it costs to take a taxi. Crazy. I think the organisers lacked vision and ambition there.
AMY: I think so too. Sydney would be a good example to use. I would have expected it to have grown pretty quickly here.
JAKE: Yes. I can’t quite work out why it hasn’t been an instant success like some of the others. It’s a shame really.
AMY: I know. OK so now we’ve thought about …
taken off in places like Buenos Aires, 已经在布宜诺斯艾利斯等地兴起。Buenos Aires, /ˈbweɪnɒs ˈaɪrɪz/ 布宜诺斯艾利斯（阿根廷首都）taken off /ˈteɪkən ɒf/ = take off /ˈteɪk ɒf/ = ①PHRASAL VERB (飞机)起飞 ② PHRASAL VERB (产品、活动、事业等)腾飞，突然成功
the introduction of the scheme,这项计划的引入
It attracted huge numbers of cyclists where previously there were hardly any, 它吸引了大量的自行车骑行者，而之前这里几乎没有什么骑行者。 这里的“where”引导的是一个地点状语从句，说明了“吸引大量骑行者”这一事件发生的具体地点，并对比了该地点在之前的状况（几乎没有什么骑行者）。previously /ˈpriːviəsli/ ADV （一段时间）以前。where /weə(r)/
example of how not to introduce a scheme, 如何不引入方案的示例
launched it, 启动它（计划），发起计划。launched /lɔːntʃt/
it was more than ten times the price of most other schemes, 它的价格是大多数其他方案的十倍多。
More than it costs to take a taxi, 比坐出租车还贵。it costs to take a taxi 表示花钱坐出租。cost做动词，花费。
the organisers lacked vision and ambition, 组织者缺乏远见和雄心。organisers /‘ɔ:gənaizəs/。lacked /lækt/。vision /ˈvɪʒn/ [ U ] 眼光;远见;眼力 (VIEW OF THE FUTURE)
I would have expected it to have grown pretty quickly here, 我原以为这里会发展得很快(注意连读)
an instant success, 立即取得成功。instant /ˈɪnstənt/。success/səkˈses/
It’s a shame really, 真的很遗憾。shame /ʃeɪm/ ①[ S ] 可惜，遗憾（可数单数形式）②[ U ] 羞耻，羞愧（不可数形式）
what a shame, 真可惜；真遗憾
听力题目
Which TWO benefits of city bike-sharing schemes do the students agree are the most important?
- A. reducing noise pollution
- B. reducing traffic congestion √
- C. improving air quality √
- D. encouraging health and fitness
- E. making cycling affordable
Which TWO things do the students think are necessary for successful bike-sharing schemes?
- A. Bikes should have a GPS system.
- B. The app should be easy to use. √
- C. Public awareness should be raised. √
- D. Only one scheme should be available.
- E. There should be a large network of cycle lanes.
reducing traffic congestion, 减少交通拥堵
improving air quality, 改善空气质量
encouraging health and fitness, 鼓励健康和健身
making cycling affordable, 让骑自行车变得负担得起
Opinion of bike-sharing scheme
- A They agree it has been disappointing.
- B They think it should be cheaper.
- C They are surprised it has been so successful.
- D They agree that more investment is required.
- E They think the system has been well designed.
- F They disagree about the reasons for its success.
- G They think it has expanded too quickly.
Cities
- Amsterdam : C
- Dublin : F
- London : D
- Buenos Aires : E
- New York : B
- Sydney : A
Part 4
听力原文
One of the most famous cases of extinction is that of a bird known as the dodo. In fact there’s even a saying in English, ‘as dead as the dodo’, used to refer to something which no longer exists. But for many centuries the dodo was alive and well, although it could only be found in one place, the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean. It was a very large bird, about one metre tall, and over the centuries it had lost the ability to fly, but it survived happily under the trees that covered the island.
famous cases of extinction, 著名的灭绝案例。cases /ˈkeɪsɪz/。extinction /ɪkˈstɪŋkʃn/
a bird known as the dodo, 被称为渡渡鸟的鸟。/nəʊn æz/。
is that of 中 ，that 指代整个“One of the most famous cases of extinction”这个概念或情境。“of”是一个介词，用来连接“that”和后面的名词短语“a bird known as the dodo”，表明“that”所指的是哪种具体的事物或案例。
there’s even a saying in English, 英语中甚至有一句谚语。saying /ˈseɪɪŋ/ N-COUNT 谚语;格言;警句
as dead as the dodo, 像渡渡鸟一样死了
was alive and well, 活得很好。alive /əˈlaɪv/ ADJ 活着的
the island of Mauritius, 毛里求斯岛。Mauritius /məˈrɪʃəs/毛里求斯；毛里求斯（1．印度洋中一岛；2．国家名，于1968年独立，首都 Port Louis）
the Indian Ocean, /ðə ˈɪndiən ˈəʊʃn/印度洋
survived happily, 幸福地活了下来。/səˈvaɪvd/。/ˈhæpɪli/。
the trees that covered the island, 岛上的树木。covered /ˈkʌvəd/ [动词+名词短语] 盖；覆盖
Then in the year 1507 the first Portuguese ships stopped at the island. The sailors were carrying spices back to Europe, and found the island a convenient stopping place where they could stock up with food and water for the rest of the voyage, but they didn’t settle on Mauritius. However, in 1638 the Dutch arrived and set up a colony there. These first human inhabitants of the island found the dodo birds a convenient source of meat, although not everyone liked the taste.
Fifteen oh seven, 1507(口语或非正式场合中，“oh”用于代替“zero”以简化发音)
Fifteen zero seven, 1507口语化的读法
One five oh seven, 1507 在某些情况下，特别是当数字用于电话号码或类似用途时，人们可能会将“15”读作“one five”而不是“fifteen”
One thousand five hundred and seven, 1507(正式场合或需要精确表达时)
Portuguese ships, 葡萄牙船只。Portuguese /ˌpɔːtʃuˈɡiːz/ ①adj.葡萄牙的；②n.葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语
sailors, 水手；海员 /ˈseɪləz/
carrying spices back to Europe, 将香料运回欧洲。spices /ˈspaɪsɪz/ spice/spaɪs/的第三人称单数和复数 ；N-MASS 香料，佐料，调料，调味品(如肉桂、姜、辣椒粉等)。Europe /ˈjʊərəp/
stock up with food and water, 储备食物和水。stock up /stɒk ʌp/ PHRASAL VERB 大量贮备;囤积
the rest of the voyage, 剩下的航程。voyage /ˈvɔɪɪdʒ/ N-COUNT 旅行;航行;航海;航天
settle on Mauritius, 在毛里求斯定居。settle /ˈsetl/（尤指永久性地）定居，安家
Dutch, /dʌtʃ/ ①N-PLURAL 荷兰人 ② ADJ 荷兰的;荷兰语的;荷兰人的 ③N-UNCOUNT 荷兰语
set up a colony, 建立殖民地。colony /ˈkɒləni/ N-COUNT 殖民地
inhabitants of the island, 岛上的居民。inhabitants /ɪnˈhæbɪtənts/ N-COUNT 居民，栖息动物
a convenient source of meat, 方便的肉类来源
liked the taste, 喜欢这种味道
It’s hard to get an accurate description of what the dodo actually looked like. We do have some written records from sailors, and a few pictures, but we don’t know how reliable these are. The best-known picture is a Dutch painting in which the bird appears to be extremely fat, but this may not be accurate – an Indian painting done at the same time shows a much thinner bird.
some written records from sailors, 水手的一些书面记录。written /ˈrɪtn/ 书面的。record 名词 /ˈrek.ɔːd/；动词/rɪˈkɔːd/
the bird appears to be extremely fat, 这只鸟看起来非常胖。appears /əˈpɪəz/ V-LINK 好像;似乎;看来(appears to be)。
an Indian painting done at the same time, 同时完成的一幅印度画
a much thinner bird, 一只瘦得多的鸟。thinner /ˈθɪnə(r)/ thin的比较级
Although attempts were made to preserve the bodies of some of the birds, no complete specimen survives. In the early 17th century four dried parts of a bird were known to exist – of these, three have disappeared, so only one example of soft tissue from the dodo survives, a dodo head. Bones have also been found, but there’s only one complete skeleton in existence.
no complete specimen survives, 没有完整的标本留存下来。complete /kəmˈpliːt/ ADJ 完整的;全部的;整个的。specimen /ˈspesɪmən/ N-COUNT (动植物的)标本。survives /səˈvaɪvz/ VERB 幸存;幸免于难;留存
attempts were made to preserve the bodies of some of the birds, 有人尝试保存一些鸟类的遗体。attempts /əˈtempts/ N-COUNT （通常指不成功的）尝试，企图，试图。preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/ VERB 保护；保存；维护
four dried parts of a bird, 一只鸟的四个干燥部位。dried /draɪd/ （食物或植株）晾干的，烘干的
were known to exist, 已知存在
of these, /ɒv ðiːz/ 其中
one example of soft tissue from the dodo survives, 一块渡渡鸟软组织样本幸存下来。example /ɪɡˈzɑːmpl/N-COUNT 范例;样本;代表。 soft tissue /ˌsɒft ˈtɪʃuː/ (皮肤、肌肉等)软组织
there’s only one complete skeleton in existence, 现存的完整骨架只有一具。skeleton /ˈskelɪtn/骨骼，骨架。in existence /ɪn ɪɡˈzɪstəns/ 存在
This single dodo skeleton has recently been the subject of scientific research which suggests that many of the earlier beliefs about dodos may have been incorrect. For example, early accounts of the birds mention how slow and clumsy it was, but scientists now believe the bird’s strong knee joints would have made it capable of movement which was not slow, but actually quite fast. In fact, one 17th century sailor wrote that he found the birds hard to catch. It’s true that the dodo’s small wings wouldn’t have allowed it to leave the ground, but the scientists suggest that these were probably employed for balance while going over uneven ground. Another group of scientists carried out analysis of the dodo’s skull. They found that the reports of the lack of intelligence of the dodo were not borne out by their research, which suggested the bird’s brain was not small, but average in size. In fact, in relation to its body size, it was similar to that of the pigeon, which is known to be a highly intelligent bird. The researchers also found that the structure of the bird’s skull suggested that one sense which was particularly well-developed was that of smell. So the dodo may also have been particularly good at locating ripe fruit and other food in the island’s thick vegetation.
the subject of scientific research, 科学研究的主题。subject /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt , səbˈdʒekt/ N-COUNT 主题;题目;话题;题材;问题。scientific /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk/ ADJ 科学上的;关于某一科学的。scientific research /ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk rɪˈsɜːtʃ/ 科学研究。
the earlier beliefs about dodos, 关于渡渡鸟的早期看法。beliefs /bɪˈliːfs/ N-PLURAL （对宗教或政治的）信仰，观点，看法。earlier /ˈɜːlɪə/。
incorrect, /ˌɪnkəˈrekt/ 不正确的;错误的;不真实的
early accounts of the birds, 鸟类的早期记录。accounts /əˈkaʊnts/ 报道;报告;记述;描述
mention how slow and clumsy it was, 提到它有多么缓慢和笨拙。mention /ˈmenʃn/ VERB (简短地)谈及，说起，提到。clumsy /ˈklʌmzi/ ADJ-GRADED 笨拙的;不灵活的。
strong knee joints, 强健的膝关节。knee joints /niː dʒɔɪnts/
made it capable of movement, 使其能够移动。这里的make的用法涉及到了英语的使役动词。capable of movement 能够移动。capable of /ˈkeɪpəbl ɒv/(事物)可以…的；能…的
make + 宾语 + 宾补：用于表达“使……变得……”的意思
- Make the room tidy. （使房间整洁。）
- Make yourself at home. （请随便，别客气。）
- They made him monitor. （他们选他当班长。
sailor wrote that he found the birds hard to catch, 水手写道，他发现这些鸟很难抓到。wrote /rəʊt/ write的过去式。
leave the ground, 离开地面。leave /liːv/
these were probably employed for balance while going over uneven ground, 这些翅膀可能是用来在不平的地面上保持平衡的。these =small wings。probably /ˈprɒbəbli/ ADV-GRADED 大概；或许；可能。employed /ɪmˈplɔɪd/ ① verb [ T ] (PROVIDE JOB) 雇用 ②verb [ T ] formal (USE) 使用;利用。uneven /ʌnˈiːvn/ 凹凸不平的；不平坦的。over prep.从一边到另一边；穿越。
carried out analysis of the dodo’s skull, 对渡渡鸟的头骨进行了分析。skull /skʌl/ N-COUNT 头盖骨;颅骨;脑壳。analysis /əˈnæləsɪs/ N-VAR 细察；分析
the reports of the lack of intelligence of the dodo, 关于渡渡鸟缺乏智力的报道。intelligence /ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ N-UNCOUNT 智力;智能
were not borne out by their research, 并没有被他们的研究证实。borne out /bɔːn aʊt/。borne /bɔːn/ bear的过去分词。bear out /beə(r) aʊt/ PHRASAL VERB 支持，证实（某人的说法）
average in size, 平均尺寸 /ˈævərɪdʒ/
pigeon, /ˈpɪdʒɪn/ 鸽子
in relation to its body size, 就体型而言。in relation to /ɪn rɪˈleɪʃn tu/ ①关于；②与……相比较
a highly intelligent bird, 一种高智商鸟类。intelligent /ɪnˈtelɪdʒənt/ ADJ-GRADED 聪颖的;有才智的;有灵性的
researchers, /rɪˈsɜːtʃəz/ 研究员；科研工作者
the structure of the bird’s skull, 鸟的头骨结构。/ˈstrʌktʃə(r)/
one sense which was particularly well-developed was that of smell, 嗅觉是它们特别发达的感官之一 well-developed/ˌwel dɪˈveləpt/发达的；发育良好的。that 指代 sense 。sense /sens/ N-COUNT 感觉官能(即视觉、嗅觉、听觉、触觉、味觉)。smell/smel/ N-UNCOUNT 嗅觉 sense of smell。
locating ripe fruit, 定位成熟的果实。ripe /raɪp/ ADJ-GRADED (水果、谷物等)成熟的。fruit /fruːt/ N-VAR 水果;果实。locating /ləʊˈkeɪtɪŋ/ VERB 找到；探明；确定…的位置
in the island’s thick vegetation, 岛上茂密的植被。thick /θɪk/ADJ-GRADED 浓的;密的;密集的;茂密的。vegetation /ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn/ N-UNCOUNT 植被;植物;草木
So it looks as if the dodo was better able to survive and defend itself than was originally believed. Yet less than 200 years after Europeans first arrived on the island, they had become extinct. So what was the reason for this? For a long time, it was believed that the dodos were hunted to extinction, but scientists now believe the situation was more complicated than this. Another factor may have been the new species brought to the island by the sailors. These included dogs, which would have been a threat to the dodos, and also monkeys, which ate the fruit that was the main part of the dodos’ diet. These were brought to the island deliberately, but the ships also brought another type of creature – rats, which came to land from the ships and rapidly overran the island. These upset the ecology of the island, not just the dodos but other species too. However, they were a particular danger to the dodos because they consumed their eggs, and since each dodo only laid one at a time, this probably had a devastating effect on populations.
it looks as if, 看起来好像(注意连读) /ɪt lʊks æz ɪf/
the dodo was better able to survive and defend itself than was originally believed, 渡渡鸟的生存和自卫能力比人们最初认为的要强。originally /əˈrɪdʒənəli/
less than 200 years after Europeans first arrived on the island, 欧洲人首次抵达该岛不到200年
the situation was more complicated than this, 情况比这更复杂。complicated /ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/ 复杂的;难懂的;难处理的
the main part of the dodos’ diet, 渡渡鸟饮食的主要部分。diet /ˈdaɪət/ N-VAR 日常饮食;日常食物
These were brought to the island deliberately, 这些都是故意带到岛上的。were /wə(r)/。brought /brɔːt/ bring的过去分词和过去式。island /ˈaɪlənd/。deliberately /dɪˈlɪbərətli/ 故意；蓄意
the ships, /ʃɪps/ N-COUNT 大船;轮船;舰
another type of creature – rats, 另一种生物——老鼠。creature /ˈkriːtʃə(r)/ N-COUNT (尤指不熟悉或想象中的)生物，动物。rats /ræts/ N-COUNT 老鼠;耗子
rapidly overran the island, 迅速占领了小岛。overran /ˌəʊvəˈræn/ overrun的过去式。overrun /ˈəʊvərʌn , ˌəʊvəˈrʌn/ VERB （迅速）侵占，占领。rapidly /‘ræpɪdlɪ/。
upset the ecology of the island, 破坏了岛上的生态。upset /ʌpˈset/ verb [T] (CHANGE) 打乱；搅乱 。ecology /iˈkɒl.ə.dʒi/ （通常指一个特定区域的）生态;生态学
consumed their eggs, 吃掉了他们的鸡蛋。consumed /kənˈsjuːmd/ VERB 吃;喝;饮用
each dodo only laid one at a time, 每只渡渡鸟一次只产一只。laid /leɪd/ lay的过去分词和过去式。lay /leɪ/VERB （鸟）产（卵），下（蛋）。a time 一次
had a devastating effect on populations, 对种群造成毁灭性的影响。devastating /ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/破坏性极大的；毁灭性的。effect /ɪˈfekt/ [ C or U ]the result of a particular influence 效果；影响；结果。 populations/ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃənz/ ①[可与单数或复数动词连用的可数名词] （统称）某领域的生物；族群；人口 ②[可与单数或复数动词连用的可数名词, 不可数名词] （地区、国家等的）人口，人口数量
However, we now think that probably the main cause of the birds’ extinction was not the introduction of non-native species, but the introduction of agriculture. This meant that the forest that had once covered all the island, and that had provided a perfect home for the dodo, was cut down so that crops such as sugar could be grown. So although the dodo had survived for thousands of years, suddenly it was gone.
the main cause of the birds’ extinction, 认为鸟类灭绝的主要原因
the introduction of non-native species, 外来物种的引入。non-native /ˌnɒn ˈneɪtɪv/ ①动物、植物等非本地的②非母语的。introduction /ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃn/。
the forest that had once covered all the island, 曾经覆盖全岛的森林
provided a perfect home for the dodo, 为渡渡鸟提供完美家园。perfect /ˈpɜː.fekt/ 完美的，完满的，无瑕的。
cut down, /ˌkʌt ˈdaʊn/ ①PHRASAL VERB 砍倒(树木) ②PHRASAL VERB 削减;减少使用
so that crops such as sugar could be grown, 以便种植糖等作物。crops /krɒps/。grown/ɡrəʊn/。
suddenly it was gone, 突然它就不见了。gone ADJ 离开的；过去的；不复存在的
听力题目
THE EXTINCTION OF THE DODO BIRD
- The dodo was a large flightless bird which used to inhabit the island of Mauritius.
- History
- 1507 – Portuguese ships transporting spice stopped at the island to collect food and water.
- 1638 – The Dutch established a colony on the island.
- They killed the dodo birds for their meat.
- The last one was killed in 1681.
- Description
- The only record we have is written descriptions and pictures (possibly unreliable).
- A Dutch painting suggests the dodo was very fat
- The only remaining soft tissue is a dried head
- Recent studies of a dodo skeleton suggest the birds were capable of rapid movement
- It’s thought they were able to use their small wings to maintain balance
- Their brain was of average size.
- Their sense of smell enabled them to find food.
- Reasons for extinction
- Hunting was probably not the main cause.
- Sailors brought dogs and monkeys.
- rats also escaped onto the island and ate the birds’ eggs.
- The arrival of farming meant the forest was destroyed.
a large flightless bird, 一只不会飞的大鸟。flightless /ˈflaɪtləs/ 不能飞的 unable to fly
transporting spice, 运输香料
established a colony, 建立殖民地
written descriptions and pictures, 书面描述和图片
remaining soft tissue, 剩下的软组织。remaining /rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ/ ADJ 余下的;剩余的
Their brain was of average size, 他们的大脑有平均大小
Their sense of smell enabled them to find food, 他们的嗅觉使他们能够找到食物。enabled /ɪˈneɪbld/
rats also escaped onto the island, 老鼠也逃到了岛上。escaped /ɪˈskeɪpt/
The arrival of farming meant the forest was destroyed, 农业的到来意味着森林被摧毁。arrival /əˈraɪvl/。farming /ˈfɑːmɪŋ/ 务农;畜牧;养殖;农场经营。forest /ˈfɒr.ɪst/。destroyed /dɪˈstrɔɪ/。
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