雅思听力考试概览
考试内容
篇幅和时间
4个Part，40道题（10+10+10+10）
语音呈现形式：对话x 2+ 独白x 2
涉及领域：生活+学术
共计时间：约30 min（平均每个Part7.5min）
- 笔考听力另有 10min 誊抄答案的时间
- 机考听力有 2min 检查时间
注意：对于笔考，录音说到 “ Now turn to Part 1” 才能开始看题
文章难度
大幅度低于雅思阅读（雅思阅读难度：高于四六级和考研）
雅思文章听力难点：不仅要认识，还要听得出来，而且要马上反应过来
分数
| Number Of correct Listening Answer | IELTS band score |
|---|---|
| 39-40 | 9.0 |
| 37-38 | 8.5 |
| 35-36 | 8.0 |
| 33-34 | 7.5 |
| 30-32 | 7.0 |
| 27-29 | 6.5 |
| 23-26 | 6.0 |
| 20-22 | 5.5 |
| 16-19 | 5.0 |
| 13-15 | 4.5 |
| 10-12 | 4.0 |
| 6-9 | 3.5 |
| 4-5 | 3.0 |
| 3 | 2.5 |
| 2 | 2.0 |
| 1 | 1.0 |
| absent | 0.0 |
机考 vs 笔考
笔考最大优势：可以最大限度勾画
机考最大优势：几乎无
备考策略
雅思听力需要做两件事情：找到对的地方 + 听懂他
- 找到对的地方：找到答案句
- 解决方法：积累做题技巧
- 听懂他
- 提升英语硬实力：单词和短语（不仅要认得出还要听得出）
- 全文精听，积累单词
- 提升英语硬实力：单词和短语（不仅要认得出还要听得出）
常见的5个认知误区
以下5个误区并不是说没有效果，只是就提升考试分数的角度来讲，效率不高：
- 误区1：【全文听写】、【影子跟读】练起来？
- 误区2：学习同传翻译的速记法？
- 误区3：听点其他的素材磨耳朵？
- 误区4：倍速播放练习？（当倍速播放的时候，有很多语言语调，连读都会变）
- 误区5：只要听出答案词就行 or 精听答案句
雅思听力考试题目录音
IELTS 16. Published by Cambridge University Press and Cambridge Assessment English 2021.This recording is copyright.
IELTS, 雅思
press, 出版社
Cambridge University Press, 剑桥大学出版社
assessment, n.评价
assess, v.评价
recording, n.录音
copyright, n.版权；adj.受版权保护的
Test one. This is the IELTS listening test. You will hear a number of different recordings. And you will have to answer questions on what you hear. There will be time for you to read the instructions and questions, and you will have a chance to check your work. All the recordings will be played once only. The test is in four parts. At the end of the test, you will be given 10 minutes to transfer your answers to the answer sheet. Now turn to part one.
a number of different recordings, 一系列不同的录音
answer questions on what you hear, 根据你所听到的回答问题
instruction, n.指令，要求
read the instructions and questions, 阅读要求和问题
chance, 机会- 注意音美不同的发音- 英/tʃɑːns/ 美/tʃæns/
The test is in four parts, 测试分为四个部分
transfer, 转移
transfer your answers to the answer sheet, 将你的答案转移到答题纸上
answer, 答案，注意发音 英/ˈɑːnsə(r)/ 美/ˈænsər/
Part one, you will hear a man phoning to find out about some children’s engineering workshops. First, you have some time to look at questions one to three. (15s pause)
Now listen carefully and answer questions One to Three.
phone, v.打电话
find out, v.弄清楚，弄明白
figure out, v.弄清楚，弄明白
workshop, ①n.工作室（明星那种工作室，或者DIY蛋糕陶艺那种工作室）；②n.手工作坊，而factory指机械化生产的大工厂
engineering workshops, 工程师工作室，在这里指教小孩DIY一些东西
pause, n&v. 暂停，停顿
Part1
听力原文
SARAH: Hello. Children’s Engineering Workshops.
这句话省略了this is，完整句子 This is Children’s Engineering Workshops. 在电话中，This is 相当于 I’m
FATHER: Oh hello. I wanted some information about the workshops in the school holidays.
SARAH: Sure.
FATHER: I have two daughters who are interested. The younger one’s Lydia, she’s four – do you take children as young as that?
do you take children as young as that, 你接受这么小的孩子吗？ 这里的take表示接受
SARAH: Yes, our Tiny Engineers workshop is for four to five-year-olds.
tiny, ①表示 小的 意思；②在英式英语中表示 非常小的小孩（4-6岁） four to five-year-olds, 四至五岁儿童 four to five-year-old, 四至五岁的 ...
FATHER: What sorts of activities do they do?
SARAH: All sorts. For example, they work together to design a special cover that goes round an egg, so that when it’s inside they can drop it from a height and it doesn’t break. Well, sometimes it does break but that’s part of the fun!
cover, v.表示覆盖；n.表示覆盖物。特别要注意英音
FATHER: Right. And Lydia loves building things. Is there any opportunity for her to do that?
SARAH: Well, they have a competition to see who can make the highest tower. You’d be amazed how high they can go.
You'd be amazed how high they can go/reach, 你会惊讶于它们能有多高 amazed, adj.吃惊的；大为惊奇(人) 在这个词附近可能有考点 amazing, adj.（东西）令人惊喜(或惊羡、惊叹)的 在这个词附近可能有考点 amused, ADJ-GRADED 被逗乐的, 觉得好笑的
FATHER: Right.
right, 在口语中right不是说对的意思，在这里“right”作为应答词，表示“好的”、“明白了”的意思
SARAH: But they’re learning all the time as well as having fun. For example, one thing they do is to design and build a car that’s attached to a balloon, and the force of the air in that actually powers the car and makes it move along. They go really fast too.
A be attached to B, ① A绑着B ② A喜欢B air, 注意英美音 power, v.给...力量，为...提供动力/力量 powers the car, 为汽车提供动力 move along, 往前走 ---> （使）取得进展;（使）发展
FATHER: OK, well, all this sounds perfect.
FATHER: Now Carly, that’s my older daughter, has just had her seventh birthday, so presumably she’d be in a different group?
Now, 在口语中有时不表示现在，表示转换话题 presumably, 表示大概，表示一种推测
SARAH: Yes, she’d be in the Junior Engineers. That’s for children from six to eight.
junior, ①小孩（6-8岁）；②年轻的；③美国大学的三年级学生；④初级的 junior assistant senior, ①年长的；②美国大学的四年级学生；③高级的 senior assistant Junior Engineers, ①初级工程师 ②6-8岁的小孩工程师（C16Test1Part1）
FATHER: And do they do the same sorts of activities?
SARAH: Some are the same, but a bit more advanced. So they work out how to build model vehicles, things like cars and trucks, but also how to construct animals using the same sorts of material and technique, and then they learn how they can program them and make them move.
a bit more advanced, 稍微高级一点，稍微先进一点 work out, 想出，得到(解决方法);解(谜) vehicle, (rather formal)交通工具；车辆 work out how to build model vehicles, 弄清楚如何制作模型车
FATHER: So they learn a bit of coding?
SARAH: They do. They pick it up really quickly. We’re there to help if they need it, but they learn from one another too.
They pick it up really quickly, 他们很快就学会了它
FATHER: Right. And do they have competitions too?
SARAH: Yes, with the Junior Engineers, it’s to use recycled materials like card and wood to build a bridge, and the longest one gets a prize.
with, preposition 关于；对于；至于；对…来说
with the Junior Engineers, 对于初级工程师来说
我的看法：这里的it指代 competition ，我们的比赛就是用可回收材料 ….
recycled materials, 可回收材料
prize, N-COUNT 奖品；奖赏；奖金
FATHER: That sounds fun. I wouldn’t mind doing that myself!
That sounds fun, 你说的那个东西很好玩
That sounds funny, 你说的那个东西很好笑
I wouldn’t mind doing that myself, 我不介意自己做那件事
SARAH: Then they have something a bit different, which is to think up an idea for a five-minute movie and then film it, using special animation software. You’d be amazed what they come up with.
a bit different, 有点不同的
film, ①v.拍摄；②n.薄膜；
animation , 动画;动画片
FATHER: And of course, that’s something they can put on their phone and take home to show all their friends.
something they can put on their phone, 一些可以放在手机上的东西（这里用on是因为动画在屏幕上，in表示手机内部的东西如零件）
something take home, 带回家的东西
SARAH: Exactly. And then they also build a robot in the shape of a human, and they decorate it and program it so that it can move its arms and legs.
in the shape of, 以…的形式
a robot in the shape of a human, 人形机器人
decorate, VERB 装饰;装点;点缀
FATHER: Perfect. So, is it the same price as the Tiny Engineers?
So, 在口语中有时不表示所以，而表示终结上一个话题并开启一个新的话题
SARAH: It’s just a bit more: £50 for the five weeks.
FATHER: And are the classes on a Monday too?
SARAH: They used to be, but we found it didn’t give our staff enough time to clear up after the first workshop, so we moved them to Wednesdays. The classes are held in the morning from ten to eleven.
workshop, 研讨会；讲习班
a drama workshop, 戏剧研讨班
a poetry workshop, 诗歌讲习班
Monday, 周一
Tuesday, 周二
Wednesday , 周三
Thursday, 周四
Friday, 周五
Saturday, 周六
Sunday, 周日
FATHER: OK. That’s better for me actually. And what about the location? Where exactly are the workshops held?
SARAH: They’re in building 10A – there’s a big sign on the door, you can’t miss it, and that’s in Fradstone Industrial Estate.
sign, n. a notice giving information, directions, a warning, etc. 告示;标志;警告
a road sign, 路标
a shop sign, 商店招牌
Industrial Estate, 工业园区；工业园
estate, noun (BUILDINGS) （按规划建造的）住宅区，工业区
FATHER: Sorry?
SARAH: Fradstone – that’s F-R-A-D-S-T-O-N-E.
FATHER: And that’s in Grasford, isn’t it?
SARAH: Yes, up past the station.
up past the station, 过了车站
up past, prep. 表示过了…之后
past, prep. 表示过了…之后
FATHER: And will I have any parking problems there?
parking, 停车场；停车位
lot, N-COUNT （一小块）土地
parking lot, N-COUNT 停车场
SARAH: No, there’s always plenty available. So would you like to enrol Lydia and Carly now?
plenty , 有代词的意思pronoun，表示大量；充足；众多。这里代指停车位parking
there’s always plenty available, 总是有很多(停车位)可用的
enrol + sb, 表示帮sb报名/登记
FATHER: OK.
SARAH: So can I have your full name …
can I have your full name, 能告诉我你的全名吗
听力题目
Tiny Engineers (ages 4–5)
Activities
- Create a cover for an egg so they can drop it from a height without breaking it.
- Take part in a competition to build the tallest tower.
- Make a car powered by a balloon.
Junior Engineers (ages 6–8)
Activities：
Build model cars, trucks and animals and learn how to program them so they can move.
Take part in a competition to build the longest bridge using card and wood.
Create a short film with special software
Build, decorate and program a humanoid robot.
humanoid, 仿真机器人；类人动物 /ˈhjuːmənɔɪd/
Cost for a five-week block: £50
Held on Wednesdays from 10 am to 11 am
Location：
- Building 10A, Fradstone Industrial Estate, Grasford
- Plenty of parking is available.
Part4
听力原文
Ancient philosophy is not just about talking or lecturing, or even reading long, dense books. In fact, it is something people have used throughout history – to solve their problems and to achieve their greatest triumphs.
philosophy, N-UNCOUNT 哲学
Ancient,ADJ-GRADED 远古的；古代的
talking, 演讲
lecturing, 上课
dense , ①复杂的②茂密的
triumph, [可数名词, 不可数名词] ~ (over sb/sth) 巨大成功；重大成就；伟大胜利
throughout history, 在整个历史上；从古至今(做时间状语)
it is something people have used throughout history, 这是人们在历史上一直使用的东西
Specifically, I am referring to Stoicism, which, in my opinion, is the most practical of all philosophies and therefore the most appealing. Stoicism was founded in Ancient Greece by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC, but was practised by the likes of Epictetus, Cato, Seneca and Marcus Aurelius. Amazingly, we still have access to these ideas, despite the fact that the most famous Stoics never wrote anything down for publication. Cato definitely didn’t. Marcus Aurelius never intended his Meditations to be anything but personal. Seneca’s letters were, well, letters and Epictetus’ thoughts come to us by way of a note-taking student.
Specifically, 具体来说；确切地说【考点词】
particularly, adv.尤其；特别【考点词】
Stoicism, 斯多葛主义，倡导清心寡欲
I am referring to Stoicism, 我指的是斯多葛主义
the most practical of all philosophies, 所有哲学中最实用的
appealing, ADJ-GRADED 有吸引力的;有趣的;动人的
Greece, n.希腊
in the early 3rd century BC, 公元前3世纪初
BC, 公元前（基督教会历法用）before Christ
was practised by, 由…所实践/践行
practise, ①VERB 练习；训练②VERB 奉行（风俗、宗教等活动）；实践（手艺）When people practise something such as a custom, craft, or religion, they take part in the activities associated with it.
the likes, 名词，表示一类人
have access to, 表示：可以接触到…
Stoics, 斯多葛学派的拥护者
publication, ①N-UNCOUNT 出版；发行 ②N-COUNT 出版物；发行物 ③N-UNCOUNT 公布；发布
intend A to be B, 想要A具有B的特征，想要A变成/具有B
meditation, [不可数名词] 冥想；沉思；深思
Meditations, (formal)沉思录（在听力中指的是一本书）
Stoic principles were based on the idea that its followers could have an unshakable happiness in this life and the key to achieving this was virtue. The road to virtue, in turn, lay in understanding that destructive emotions, like anger and jealousy, are under our conscious control – they don’t have to control us, because we can learn to control them. In the words of Epictetus: “external events I cannot control, but the choices I make with regard to them, I do control”.
followers, 信徒;追随者;支持者 – follower的复数
unshakable happiness, 不可动摇的幸福
in this life, 此生，在这一生中
virtue, 美德
the road to virtue, 通往美德之路
lie, 过去式：lay过去分词：lain
lay in, 存在于
in turn, 依次，轮流
takes a break in turn, 轮流休息
destructive emotions, 破坏性情绪
jealousy, [不可数名词] 忌妒；妒羡；羡慕
conscious control, 有意识的控制
external events, 外部事件
external events I cannot control, 我不能控制外部事件（倒装）
with regard to, 关于
choices, 选择，choice的复数
The modern day philosopher and writer Nassim Nicholas Taleb defines a Stoic as someone who has a different perspective on experiences which most of us would see as wholly negative; a Stoic “transforms fear into caution, pain into transformation, mistakes into initiation and desire into undertaking”. Using this definition as a model, we can see that throughout the centuries Stoicism has been practised in more recent history by kings, presidents, artists, writers and entrepreneurs.
philosopher, N-COUNT 哲学家
modern day philosopher, 现代哲学家
define, verb [T] (EXPLAIN) 给（尤指单词）下定义;说明，解释
perspective, [ C ] （思考问题的）角度，观点，想法
negative, adj. ①负面的，消极的 ②否定的;拒绝的
positive, adj. ①积极的;怀有希望的 ②有把握的，确信的，肯定的
transformation, [可数名词, 不可数名词] ~ (from sth) (to/into sth) （彻底的）变化，改观，转变，改革
initiation, [ U ] an occasion when something starts 开始；发起；实施 —> 引申为一种积极的态度
desire, N-COUNT 渴望;热望;欲望; VERB 渴望;想望;想要
undertaking, [ C ] a job, business, or piece of work 工作;任务;企业;事业 — > 引申为行动
definition, [ C ] ①定义 ②解释，说明
throughout the centuries, 几个世纪以来（时间状语）
throughout , preposition, adverb：in every part, or during the whole period of time 在各处;自始至终
People throughout the country, 全国各地的人
throughout the performance, 整个演出期间
The school has been repainted throughout, 学校各处都重新粉刷了一遍
in more recent history, 在更近一点的历史上
entrepreneurs, n. 创业者，企业家(尤指涉及财务风险的)entrepreneur的复数
The founding fathers of the United States were inspired by the philosophy. George Washington was introduced to Stoicism by his neighbours at age seventeen, and later, put on a play based on the life of Cato to inspire his men. Thomas Jefferson kept a copy of Seneca beside his bed.
The founding fathers, 国父们
put on a play, 演戏，上演一出戏剧
his men, 指他的人民（华盛顿）
copy, ①verb [I or T] 复制;临摹;模仿，效仿；②noun (VERSION) [ C ] 复制品，仿制品;副本
Writers and artists have also been inspired by the stoics. Eugène Delacroix, the renowned French Romantic artist (known best for his painting Liberty Leading the People) was an ardent Stoic, referring to it as his “consoling religion”.
renowned , 著名的；闻名的；有名的
romantic, ①浪漫的；爱情的；情爱的 ②浪漫主义的，浪漫主义风格的
liberty,[ U ] formal 自由
freedom, [ C or U ] 自由;不受限制;自主
ardent, showing strong feelings 热烈的；激情的；强烈的
an ardent supporter, 狂热支持者
an ardent feminist, 坚定的女权主义者
an ardent Stoic, 一个狂热的斯多葛主义者
consoling, 安慰人的
consoling religion, 安慰人的宗教
refer to someone/something, ①to talk or write about someone or something, especially in only a few words（尤指简短地）提到，谈及，谈起。②If writing or information refers to someone or something, it relates to that person or thing涉及…;与…相关。
In her autobiography she occasionally refers to her unhappy schooldays, 在其自传中，她偶尔提及了她不快乐的学生时代。
He always refers to the house as his “refuge”, 他总是把这座房子称为他的“避难所”。
referring to it as his “consoling religion”, 称之为他的“慰藉宗教”
The new salary scale only refers to company managers and directors, 新的工资级别标准只适用于公司经理和主管人员。
The economist Adam Smith’s theories on capitalism were significantly influenced by the Stoicism that he studied as a schoolboy, under a teacher who had translated Marcus Aurelius’ works.
economist, 经济学家
theory, 理论;学说
theories, theory的复数
capitalism, [不可数名词] 资本主义
schoolboy, N-COUNT (中、小学的)男生
translated, VERB 翻译;译
Today’s political leaders are no different, with many finding their inspiration from the ancient texts. Former US president Bill Clinton rereads Marcus Aurelius every single year, and many have compared former President Obama’s calm leadership style to that of Cato. Wen Jiabao, the former prime minister of China, claims that Meditations is one of two books he travels with and that he has read it more than one hundred times over the course of his life.
many 指代 political leaders
with 引导独立主格
compared former President Obama’s calm leadership style to that of Cato：这里的that指代 calm leadership style
political, 政治的
the ancient texts， 古代文献
text, N-COUNT (尤指科学或学术方面的)文献，文本
inspiration, N-UNCOUNT 灵感;启示;启发
former US presiden, 美国前总统
rereads, 重读；再读
calm, ADJ-GRADED 镇定的;镇静的;冷静的
calm leadership style, 冷静的领导风格
prime minister, N-COUNT 总理；首相
prime, ①main or most important首要的，主要的；基本的
minister, 部长;大臣
over the course of his life, 在他的一生中
course, ①N-COUNT (某科目的)课程，讲座 ②PREP-PHRASE 在…过程中 If something happens in the course of a particular period of time, it happens during that period of time.
Stoicism had a profound influence on Albert Ellis, who invented Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, which is used to help people manage their problems by changing the way that they think and behave. It’s most commonly used to treat depression. The idea is that we can take control of our lives by challenging the irrational beliefs that create our faulty thinking, symptoms and behaviours by using logic instead.
profound, felt or experienced very strongly or in an extreme way 强烈的；深沉的；极度的
a profound influence,深远的影响
cognitive, 感知的;认知的;认识力的
therapy, noun [ C or U ] 治疗;疗法
cognitive behaviour, 认知行为
behaviour, [ U ] 行为，举止 [英]
behavior, [ U ] 行为，举止 [美]
behave, verb [ I ] to act in a particular way （以某种方式）行事，表现
depression,抑郁症
treat depression, 治疗抑郁
irrational ,不理智的，没有理性的
beliefs, belief的复数 信仰；信念；看法
faulty, adj. 错误的；有缺陷的；有错误的；不完美的
symptoms, n. 症状；征兆；征候 symptom的复数
manage their problems, 处理他们的问题
manage, ① [ I or T ]to succeed in doing or dealing with something, especially something difficult 成功做到，胜利完成（尤指困难之事）②管理，掌管；经营（尤指企业）
managed to finish on time, 勉强按时完成
managed to survive the fire, 在火灾中侥幸逃生
manage all this work, 完成全部工作
we’ll manage, 我们能应付
manage the time o see you, 抽出时间去看你
managing large projects, 管理大型项目
learn how to manage your time, 学会如何分配时间
Stoicism has also become popular in the world of business. Stoic principles can build the resilience and state of mind required to overcome setbacks because Stoics teach turning obstacles into opportunity. A lesson every business entrepreneur needs to learn.
principles, (RULE) [ C or U ] （行为）准则;道德;为人之道
resilience, noun [ U ] 复原力;恢复力;平复心情
state, [ C ]状态；情形；状况
state of mind, n.(某一特定时刻的)情绪，心态；心境
setbacks, n.挫折；阻碍 setback的复数
obstacles, n.障碍；困难；阻碍；障碍物 obstacle的复数
I would argue that studying Stoicism is as relevant today as it was 2,000 years ago, thanks to its brilliant insights into how to lead a good life. At the very root of the thinking, there is a very simple way of living – control what you can and accept what you can’t. This is not as easy as it sounds and will require considerable practice – it can take a lifetime to master. The Stoics also believed the most important foundation for a good and happy life is not money, fame, power or pleasure, but having a disciplined and principled character – something which seems to resonate with many people today.
brilliant, extremely intelligent or skilled 颇有才气的，聪颖的;技艺高超的
insights, n.了解；洞察力；洞悉；领悟 insight的复数
insights into A, 对A的见解/看法
brilliant insight, 真知灼见
brilliant insights into A, 对A的深刻见解
lead a good life, 过上美好的生活
considerable, ADJ-GRADED 相当多的;相当大的 uk /kənˈsɪd.ər.ə.bəl/ us /kənˈsɪd.ɚ.ə.bəl/
a lifetime, 一生；一辈子
relevant, ①相关的;相应的；②重要的
argue, ①V-RECIP 争吵;争执 ②VERB 主张；认为
as easy as it sounds, 像听起来一样简单
foundation, 基础（for/of）
pleasure, ① N-UNCOUNT 愉快；高兴；快乐；满足 ②N-UNCOUNT （尤指工作、职责之外的）娱乐，消遣 ③N-COUNT 乐趣；乐事；给人愉快的事物
disciplined, 守纪律的，守规矩的；训练有素的behaving in a very controlled way
discipline, ① [ U ]训导;训练;纪律;约束 ② [ C ] （尤指大学或学院设立的）专业 (SUBJECT)
principled, 有道德（原则）的;原则性强的 always behaving in an honest and moral way
a disciplined and principled character, 有纪律、有原则的性格
resonate, VERB 有特殊意义;引起共鸣
resonate with many people, 与许多人产生共鸣
听力题目
Stoicism is still relevant today because of its practical appeal.
Ancient Stoics
Stoicism was founded over 2,000 years ago in Greece.
The Stoics’ ideas are surprisingly well known, despite not being intended for publication
well known, 众所周知的；著名的；出名的
Stoic principles
- Happiness could be achieved by leading a virtuous life.
- Controlling emotions was essential.
- Epictetus said that external events cannot be controlled but the choices people make in response can be controlled.
- A Stoic is someone who has a different view on experiences which others would consider as negative
leading a virtuous life, 过着有道德的生活
virtuous, having good moral qualities and behaviour 道德高尚的；拥有美德的；品行端正的 /ˈvɜː.tʃu.əs/
external events cannot be controlled but the choices people make in response can be controlled, 外部事件无法控制，但人们做出的反应选择可以控制
response, /rɪˈspɒns/ [ C or U ] an answer or reaction 回答；回应，反应
Responses to our advertisement have been disappointing, 人们对我们广告的反应令人失望。
Management have granted a ten percent pay rise in response to union pressure, 面对工会的压力，资方以加薪10%应对。
in response, 作为回应
In response，England became a national security state, 作为回应英格兰开始全国戒备
The influence of Stoicism
- George Washington organised a play about Cato to motivate his men.
- The French artist Delacroix was a Stoic.
- Adam Smith’s ideas on capitalism were influenced by Stoicism.
- Some of today’s political leaders are inspired by the Stoics.
- Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT)
- the treatment for depression is based on ideas from Stoicism
- people learn to base their thinking on logic
- In business, people benefit from Stoicism by identifying obstacles as opportunity
Relevance of Stoicism
- It requires a lot of practice but Stoicism can help people to lead a good life.
- It teaches people that having a strong character is more important than anything else.
the treatment for depression is based on ideas from Stoicism, 抑郁症的治疗是基于斯多葛主义的思想
base their thinking on logic, 以逻辑为思维基础
base sth on/upon sth, 以…为基础（或根据）
What are you basing this theory on? , 你这种理论的根据是什么？
He based his conclusions on the evidence given by the captured prisoners, 他根据被俘囚犯提供的证据得出了这个结论。
听力填空题做题技巧总结
听力做题步骤
步骤1：用尽一切时间，疯狂读题目。
步骤2：开始听。时刻注意说到哪了。
步骤3：做出答案。
用尽一切时间，疯狂读题目
Part1 听到“Now turn to Part 1”，就可以开始读了;
Part1不太需要读两遍题目：可以尽量读快一些，匀出一些时间去读【Part2】:
仔细理解”ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER“（也就是要明白最多填几个词）
- year 符合 one word
- 12 符合 A Number
- 12 year 符合 one word and a Number
注意空格的词性（尤其是名词前的an ）
千万不要只关注【空格】，空格【前面的内容】和 【后面的内容】同样重要
- 雅思听力喜欢把空格后面的内容提前
在心底里模拟出不认识的单词的发音（特别是【地名】等专有名词）
理想情况是：在Part4开始之前，已经读完了【四分之一】左右的题目了
Part4 的稿子有点类似【雅思阅读文章】其题目和答案的对应也遵循类似的【同义改写】则，所以在读题的时候，可以猜想答案可能以什么方式出现（这一要求很高，备考前期无须强求）
- 如：题目为【spoon made of ___ ] 原文为【wooden spoon】
开始听。时刻注意说到哪了
听到对应的内容，就用眼神（鼠标）or 笔标记一下；
听到之后，不要试图在心里【翻译】，因为没时间；主要还是需要找【点对点】的对应，而不是【整个句子意思的对应】，前者的反应速度才是最快的
听到的不一定是【原词】，也可能是【同义改写】的表达（Part 4 尤其如此）
不要盯着【空格】看，空格是需要我们听出来的！关注空格【周围的内容】（特别空格后面的内容）！
什么时候该换行了？——除了依靠【听力硬实力】，还可以注意“逻辑顺序提示词“
逻辑顺序提示词
Part1
Part1 ：角色的每一次切换
问句&答案
举例（for example ）
表示话题终结的词：Right（常见Part 1 对话里面）
And ……
表示转折的词：But （也可以理解为是一种“强调”）
开启新话题: Now
表示对对方内容的评价: That sounds fun. (也可 以理解为是一种“话题终结”)
表示接下来的内容的表达: Then
表示引出新话题的表达: So, ……
Part 4
Part4 ：【听力原稿中自然段间的停顿】，可能对应了【题目里最大的要点之间的空隙】
Part4 ：【听力原稿中的句子和句子之间】也会略微有【停顿】，可能对应了题目里的【小点换行】（但不能纯粹靠【停顿】来断句，而是要靠【语法】）
引出核心案例的词：Specifically （在本文中引出了核心探讨对象Stoicism ）
引出让学者们感到惊奇的内容的词：Amazingly （和阅读中的amazingly 、surprising、remarkably 同理）
做出答案
大小写弄错不扣分:英式拼写美式拼写皆可:单复数会扣分(仔细听+语法分析):
不会拼的词，可以尝试根据读音来拼写(如: capitalism)
需要提前准备好的词
星期：
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday月份：日期的写法（May 24/24 May）
January February March April May June July August September October November ; December国家相关：
Britain America Australia Africa Japan Korea
Part 4的文字难度最高（略低于【雅思阅读第一篇】），也是【听力+阅读能力】结合最紧密的一个部分
Part2
听力原文
Good morning, everyone, and welcome to Stevenson’s, one of the country’s major manufacturers of metal goods. Thank you for choosing us for your two weeks of work experience. My name is Julia Simmons, and since the beginning of this year I’ve been the managing director.
Stevenson’s, 是一个所有格形式，即名词加上撇号’s来表示所有关系。这里的“Stevenson’s”指的是“Stevenson的公司”或“Stevenson的工厂”
major manufacturers of metal goods, 主要金属制品制造商 /ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃərəz/
us, 注意发音strong /ʌs/ weak /əs/，这里发 /əs/
work experience, ① 工作经验 ② 工作实习期
Please list your educational qualifications and work experience, 请列出你接受教育的情况及工作经验
Many firms understand that giving work experience to students from colleges and schools will benefit everyone in the long term, 很多公司都明白，为大学生和中学生提供实习机会从长远来看会使大家都受益
this year：注意发音，这里有语音现象
managing director, 总经理
Stevenson’s is quite an old company. Like me, the founder, Ronald Stevenson, went into the steel industry when he left school – that was in 1923. He set up this company when he finished his apprenticeship, in 1926, although he actually started making plans two years earlier, in 1924. He was a very determined young man!
quite an old company, 注意连读和顿音
the steel industry , 钢铁工业/行业
set up this company, 成立这家公司 ，注意连读
apprenticeship, [可数名词，不可数名词] 学徒期；学徒工作 /əˈprentɪʃɪp/
a very determined young man, 一个意志坚定的年轻人
Stevenson’s long-term plan was to manufacture components for the machine tools industry – although in fact that never came about – and for the automotive industry, that is, cars and lorries. However, there was a delay of five years before that happened, because shortly before the company went into production, Stevenson was given the opportunity to make goods for hospitals and other players in the healthcare industry, so that’s what we did for the first five years.
long-term plan, 长期计划
manufacture, VERB （通常指大量）制造，生产 /ˌmænjuˈfæktʃə(r)/
component, 组成部分;成分;零部件
manufacture components, 生产组件，生产零部件
the machine tools industry, 机床工业
machine tools, N-COUNT 机床；工具机
come about, 实现
automotive industry, 汽车工业；汽车制造业
automotive, relating to road vehicles 汽车的；机动车辆的
that is, 相当于that is (to say) 那就是说;换句话说
that is to say … , or more exactly更确切地讲;也就是说
delay, ①[ I or T ] （使）延迟，（使）延误;（使）延期；② [ T ] 使耽误，使耽搁;使迟到 ③ noun [ C or U ] 延迟，延误，延期;延迟（或延误）的时间
there was a delay of five years before that happened, 在那件事发生之前，已经拖延了五年
This situation needs to be tackled without delay, 这种情况需要立即处理。
I think we should delay deciding about this until next year, 我认为我们应该等到明年再决定这件事。
My plane was delayed by an hour, 我乘坐的飞机延误了1个小时。
shortly before, 之前不久；在…之前不久
go into production, 投产；开始生产
shortly before the company went into production, 公司投产前不久
other, 注意发音/ɔðə(r)
healthcare, 医疗保健服务
healthcare industry, 医疗产业
Over the years, we’ve expanded the premises considerably – we were lucky that the site is big enough, so moving to a new location has never been necessary. However, the layout is far from ideal for modern machinery and production methods, so we intend to carry out major refurbishment of this site over the next five years.
Over the years, 多年来
expanded the premises considerably, 大幅扩建了房屋
premises, （尤指公司或机构的）房屋连地基，生产场所，经营厂址，厂区 /ˈprem.ɪ.sɪz/
lucky, 注意发音 /ˈləki/
enough, determiner（限定词），pronoun（代词）， adverb： 充分；充足
Is there enough room for me? , 有足够的地方给我吗？限定词：（用于复数或不可数名词前）足够的，充足的，充分的
Six bottles should be enough, 六瓶应该够了。代词：足够；充分；充足
the site is big enough, 这个地方足够大 副词：足够地；充分地；充足地
layout, 布局
far from something, certainly not something，表示一种否定 :远未…;完全不…
The situation is far from clear, 形势还远未明朗。
ideal, ① adjective 完美的，理想的 ② noun (PRINCIPLE) 理想，标准极高的原则（或行为准则）
the ideal person for the job , 工作的理想人选
the ideal opportunity, 绝佳的机会
democratic ideals, 民主理想
modern machinery, 现代机械，现代组织
machinery, ①N-UNCOUNT (总称)机器，机械 ②N-SING (国家)机构;机制;组织
production methods, 生产方法；生产方式
the layout is far from ideal for modern machinery and production methods, 这种布局对于现代机械和生产方法来说远非理想
refurbishment, N-UNCOUNT 翻新;整修/ˌriːˈfɜːbɪʃmənt/
carry out, VERB 实施；执行；实行
carry out major refurbishment, 进行重大翻修
over the next five years, 未来五年
over, preposition (DURING) 在…期间 during something, or while doing something
I’d better give you some idea of what you’ll be doing during your two weeks with us, so you know what to expect. Most mornings you’ll have a presentation from one of the managers, to learn about their department, starting this morning with research and development. And you’ll all spend some time in each department, observing what’s going on and talking to people – as long as you don’t stop them from doing their work altogether! In the past, a teacher from your school has come in at the end of each week to find out how the group were getting on, but your school isn’t able to arrange that this year.
I would better do sth, 我最好做某事。
during , 注意发音 /ˈdʒʊə.rɪŋ/
you know what to expect, 你知道会发生什么
starting this morning with research and development, 今天上午从研发开始
start with, 以…开始
Let’s start with the more easily addressable issues, 们先从较容易处理的问题着手。
And you’ll all spend some time in each department, 注意发音And you 你们每个部门都要花些时间
observing what’s going on , 观察正在发生的事情
as long as you don’t stop them from doing their work altogether, 只要你不完全阻止他们工作
altogether, ADV 总体来说；总之；基本上
Altogether，it was a delightful town garden, peaceful and secluded, 总体上说，这是个令人愉快的城市花园，宁静而偏僻。
at the end of each week, 每周末
OK, now I’ll briefly help you to orientate yourselves around the site. As you can see, we’re in the reception area, which we try to make attractive and welcoming to visitors. There’s a corridor running left from here, and if you go along that, the door facing you at the end is the entrance to the coffee room. This looks out onto the main road on one side, and some trees on the other, and that’ll be where you meet each morning.
briefly , adverb for a short time 短暂地;简短地
help you to orientate yourselves around the site, 帮助你们熟悉周围的环境
orientate, 同orient ，英国orientate，美国orient
orient , ①VERB 使适应，使熟悉（新的环境或行为方式）② VERB 使确立方位；使辨清方向
You will need the time to orientate yourself to your new way of eating, 你还需要一些时间才能适应新的饮食方式。
She lay still for a few seconds，trying to orient herself, 她静静地躺了一会儿，试图弄清自己的方位。
orientation, ①training or preparation for a new job or activity（对新工作、新活动的）培训，准备
The department has arranged an orientation session, 这个部门安排了一次岗前培训。
we’re in the reception area, 我们在接待区(注意连读)
welcoming, 热情友好的，好客的 adjective 录音中/g/的音读出来了
corridor, 走廊，过道，通道
a corridor running left from here, 从这里向左延伸的走廊
go along that, 沿着走廊走
the entrance to the coffee room, 咖啡室的入口
This looks out onto the main road on one side, and some trees on the other, 这一边面向大路，另一边是一些树
look out onto, 理解为“面向”或者“朝向”某个方向或者视野
The factory is the very big room on the far side of the site. Next to it is the warehouse, which can be accessed by lorries going up the road to the turning area at the end. You can get to the warehouse by crossing to the far side of the courtyard, and then the door is on your right.
Next to it is the warehouse，which can be accessed by lorries going up the road to the turning area at the end,紧挨着它的是仓库，卡车可以沿着这条路走到尽头的转弯区。
go up, 并不一定指物理上的向上移动，而是指沿着道路朝某个方向行驶。这the road指的是通向仓库的那条路，而“going up”则意味着沿着这条路前行或行驶。
go up the road, 沿着这条路走
crossing to the far side of the courtyard, “穿过庭院到达另一边”或“走到庭院的远端”
Somewhere you’ll be keen to find is the staff canteen. This is right next to reception. I can confidently say that the food’s very good, but the view isn’t. The windows on one side look onto a corridor and courtyard, which aren’t very attractive at all, and on the other onto the access road, which isn’t much better.
be keen to do, 热切的想做某事
Somewhere you’ll be keen to find, 你会渴望找到的地方
This is right next to reception, 这就在接待处旁边。
The windows on one side look onto a corridor and courtyard and on the other onto the access road, 窗户一侧可以看到走廊和庭院，另一侧可以看到通道
look onto, 在英语中的意思是“面朝，面对”。这个词组通常用于描述某物或某人面向或面对某个方向或对象。例如，在描述房间的位置或方向
The room looks onto the sea, 意思是这个房间面朝大海
You’ll be using the meeting room quite often, and you’ll find it by walking along the corridor to the left of the courtyard, and continuing along it to the end. The meeting room is the last one on the right, and I’m afraid there’s no natural daylight in the room.
walking along the corridor to the left of the courtyard，and continuing along it to the end, 沿着走廊走到院子的左边，然后沿着走廊一直走到尽头。
along, ①preposition。from one part of a road、river、etc，to another 沿着，顺着，循着 ②preposition. in a line next to something long 沿着……的边缘，沿着……成一行 ③ adverb. moving forward 向前 ④with you 一道，一起
a romantic walk along the beach/river,沿着海滩／河边的浪漫散步
a row of houses along the river, 沿河修建的一排房子
We were just walking along， chatting, 我们就这么一边往前走一边聊。
Why don’t you take him along with you when you go?, 你去的时候，为什么不让他也跟着一起去呢？
Then you’ll need to know where some of the offices are. The human resources department is at the front of this building, so you head to the left along the corridor from reception, and it’s the second room you come to. It looks out onto the mainroad.
at the front of this building, 在这栋楼的前面
you head to the left along the corridor from reception，and it’s the second room you come to, 你们从接待处沿着走廊向左走，这是你们要到达的第二个房间 （注意second room的发音）
head, verb (GO) [ I + adv/prep ] to go in a particular direction 朝某特定方向行进
I was heading out of the room when she called me back, 她叫我回来的时候我正朝屋外走。
We were heading towards Kumasi when our truck broke down, 我们在前往库马西的途中卡车抛锚了。
head to the left, “朝左边走”或“转向左边”
And finally, the boardroom, where you’ll be meeting sometimes. That has quite a pleasant view, as it looks out on to the trees. Go along the corridor past the courtyard, right to the end. The boardroom is on the left, next to the factory.
Go along the corridor past the courtyard， right to the end, 沿着走廊穿过庭院，一直走到尽头
past, prep. on or to the other side of sb/sth 在另一边;到另一侧 ===>经过
He hurried past them without stopping, 他匆匆走过他们身边，连停都没停。
I called out to him as he ran past, 他跑过时，我大声喊他。
pass, verb (GO PAST) [ I or T ] to go past something or someone or move in relation to it/him/her经过，路过
pass the courtyard, 穿过院子
OK, now are there any questions before we …
听力题目
Stevenson’s was founded in
- A. 1923.
- B. 1924.
- C. 1926. √
Originally, Stevenson’s manufactured goods for
- A. the healthcare industry. √
- B. the automotive industry.
- C. the machine tools industry.
What does the speaker say about the company premises?
- A. The company has recently moved.
- B. The company has no plans to move. √
- C. The company is going to move shortly.
The programme for the work experience group includes
- A. time to do research.
- B. meetings with a teacher. √
- C. talks by staff.
Plan of Stevenson’s site, 史蒂文森现场平面图
plan, ① [ C ] 计划，方案 ② [ C ]平面图，示意图
courtyard, noun [ C ] 庭院，院子
open courtyard, 露天庭院，开放式的庭院
factory, 工厂
reception, [不可数名词] (especially 英国英语)接待处；接待区
access road, N-COUNT 通路 An access road is a road which enables traffic to reach a particular place or area.
coffee room H
warehouse C
staff canteen G
meeting room B
human resources I
boardroom A
coffee room , 咖啡室
warehouse , 仓库
staff canteen, 员工餐厅
meeting room , 会议室(是一个更为普遍和通用的表达方式)
human resources, 人力资源人力资源部，人事部
boardroom, 会议室(更侧重于描述用于重要商业决策会议的正式场所，更常用于描述企业高管或董事会成员进行讨论的场所)
Part3
听力原文
JESS: How are you getting on with your art project, Tom?
get on with something, 开始（或继续）做某事（尤指某项工作）to start or continue doing something, especially work
I suppose I could get on with the ironing while I’m waiting, 我想我在等候时还可以继续熨衣服。
How are you getting on with your art project, 你的艺术项目进展如何
TOM: OK. Like, they gave us the theme of birds to base our project on, and I’m not really all that interested in wildlife. But I’m starting to get into it. I’ve pretty well finished the introductory stage.
OK, 对于上一句问题的回复，表示进展的还不错
Like, used in conversation as a pause or to emphasize an adjective （用于对话中表示停顿或强调形容词）
He’s, like, really friendly - someone you can talk to. 他呀，真的非常友善——就是那种可以倾心交谈的人。
the theme of birds, 鸟的主题
they gave us the theme of birds to base our project on, 他们给了我们一个鸟类的主题来作为我们项目的基础。这里的on没有接名词，为什么？这里的关键在于理解不定式短语“to base our project on”的整体性。在这个短语中，“to base”是不定式动词，“our project”是不定式动词的宾语，而“on”则是介词，与“the theme of birds”形成逻辑上的联系，但它在句子结构上是作为不定式短语内部的一部分出现的。
I’m starting to get into it, 我开始喜欢上它
get into something, 开始对…感兴趣;参与，参加，
She’s been getting into yoga recently, 她最近开始对瑜伽感兴趣了
the introductory stage, 入门阶段
introductory, 首次的（存在，使用或经历） existing, used, or experienced for the first time
an introductory course in design, 设计入门课程
JESS: So have I. When they gave us all those handouts with details of books and websites to look at, I was really put off, but the more I read, the more interested I got.
So have I, 注意连读，我也是
handouts, N-COUNT 老师发给学生的一些资料
put something off, ①推迟，拖延；②
The meeting has been put off for a week, 会议被推迟了1周
put someone off (something/someone), 使反感；使泄气；使对…失去兴趣
His attitude put me right off him, 他的态度让我对他很反感。
I was really put off, 我真的很反感
the more I read，the more interested I got, 我读得越多，就越感兴趣 注意read的读音
TOM: Me too. I found I could research so many different aspects of birds in art – colour, movement, texture. So I was looking forward to the Bird Park visit.
research, ①v.调研，研究②n.调研，研究 【 /rɪˈsɜːtʃ/ /ˈriː.sɜːtʃ/ 】
texture, [ C or U ] 质地;质感;手感 /ˈteks.tʃər/ 这里指的是鸟被画在不同质地的画布上是不一样的
JESS: What a letdown! It poured with rain and we hardly saw a single bird. Much less use than the trip to the Natural History Museum.
What a letdown!, 真让人失望
letdown, N-VAR 令人失望的事；失望；沮丧
let sb. down, 让某人失望
pour, ① [ I or T ] 倒，注，灌 ② [ I or T, usually + adv/prep ] （使）倾泻，（使）涌出 ③ [单独使用的动词] （雨）倾盆而下；下大雨
It poured with rain, 大雨倾盆
It’s pouring outside, 外面下着瓢泼大雨。
Much less use, 相当于much less useful，没有那么有用
we hardly saw a single bird, 我们几乎看不到一只鸟
TOM: Yeah. I liked all the stuff about evolution there. The workshop sessions with Dr Fletcher were good too, especially the brainstorming sessions.
stuff , 东西 things
evolution, noun [ U ] ①演化；进化 ② 发展；演变
workshop sessions, 研讨会，小组讨论
workshop, noun [C] (MEETING) 专题讨论会，研讨会
sessions, ①noun (ACTIVITY)，a period of time or meeting arranged for a particular activity（从事某项活动的）一段时间（或集会）；一场；一节
The two leaders emerged for a photo session, 两位领导现身接受记者拍照。
The 21-year-old runner twisted his ankle in a training session last Friday, 这位21岁的赛跑运动员上周五在训练时扭伤了脚踝。
brainstorming sessions, 头脑风暴的环节
JESS: I missed those because I was ill. I wish we could’ve seen the projects last year’s students did.
I wish we could’ve seen the projects last year’s students did, 我希望我们能看到去年学生做的项目。 could have done 这里用来虚拟语气
TOM: Mm. I suppose they want us to do our own thing, not copy.
suppose, 就是相当于assume，guess，think，只是语气没那么坚决
JESS: Have you drafted your proposal yet?
drafted, 动词，起草
proposal, 写论文时的提纲
yet, adverb (UNTIL NOW) still; until the present time 还，尚;迄今
He hasn’t finished yet, 他还没完成。
Have you drafted your proposal yet?, 你起草提案了吗
TOM: Yes, but I haven’t handed it in. I need to amend some parts. I’ve realised the notes from my research are almost all just descriptions, I haven’t actually evaluated anything. So I’ll have to fix that.
handed it in, 把它提交上去
hand, verb [ T ] 将…交给，将…递给
The waiter smiled politely as he handed me my bill/handed my bill to me, 侍者彬彬有礼地微笑着递给我账单。
hand something in, 上交，提交
I’ve decided to hand in my resignation, 我已决定递交辞呈。
amend, 修改，=fix=correct=revise
amend some parts, 修改某些部分
descriptions, 描述
evaluated, 评价
JESS: Oh, I didn’t know we had to do that. I’ll have to look at that too. Did you do a timeline for the project?
I didn’t know we had to do that, 我不知道我们必须这么做 (注意发音)
timeline , 时间线
TOM: Yes, and a mind map.
mind map, 思维导图
JESS: Yeah, so did I. I quite enjoyed that. But it was hard having to explain the basis for my decisions in my action plan.
basis, N-SING （行事的）理由，根据
the basis for my decisions, 我决策的依据/理由
TOM: What?
JESS: You know, give a rationale.
rationale, N-COUNT 基本理论；理论基础；合理性的根据/ˌræʃəˈnɑːl/
TOM: I didn’t realise we had to do that. OK, I can add it now. And I’ve done the video diary presentation, and worked out what I want my outcome to be in the project.
I can add it now, 我现在可以添加它（注意连读）
the video diary presentation, 视频日记演示 （意思应该是他在做这个作业的时候，看了很多视频，写了很多相关日记）
worked out what I want my outcome to be in the project, 想好了我在这个项目中想要达到的结果是什么
JESS: Someone told me it’s best not to be too precise about your actual outcome at this stage, so you have more scope to explore your ideas later on. So I’m going to go back to my proposal to make it a bit more vague.
precise, exact and accurate 精确的；准确的，确切的 /prəˈsaɪs/
actual outcome, 实际结果
scope , ①范围 ② （做某件事的）余地，机会
I’m afraid that problem is beyond/outside the scope of my lecture, 恐怕那个问题超出了我的讲座范围。
There is limited scope for further reductions in the workforce, 进一步裁员的余地有限
later on, 后来，以后 at a time in the future, or after the time you have mentioned
you have more scope to explore your ideas later on, 你以后有更多的空间来探索你的想法
vague, /veɪɡ/ 含糊的，不明确的
TOM: Really? OK, I’ll change that too then.
TOM: One part of the project I’m unsure about is where we choose some paintings of birds and say what they mean to us. Like, I chose a painting of a falcon by Landseer. I like it because the bird’s standing there with his head turned to one side, but he seems to be staring straight at you. But I can’t just say it’s a bit scary, can I?
I’m unsure about, 我不确定 /ʌnˈʃɔːr/
say what they mean to us, 说出他们对我们意味着什么。
Like，…. , for example 举例子
falcon, 隼，鹰隼;猎鹰
But I can’t just say it’s a bit scary， can I? 但我不能说这有点可怕，对吧？can’t 注意发音 英/kɑːnt/ 美/kænt/
the bird’s standing there with his head turned to one side, 那只鸟站在那里，头转向一边
but he seems to be staring straight at you, 但他似乎直直地盯着你看
JESS: You could talk about the possible danger suggested by the bird’s look.
suggest, ①verb [T] (MENTION) 提议;建议 ② verb [T] (SHOW/EXPRESS) 暗示；间接表明；意味着
Something about his manner suggested a lack of interest in what we were doing, 他的举止流露出的某种东西表明他对我们正在做的事情并无兴趣。
the possible danger suggested by the bird’s look, 鸟的样子暗示了可能的危险
TOM: Oh, OK.
JESS: There’s a picture of a fish hawk by Audubon I like. It’s swooping over the water with a fish in its talons, and with great black wings which take up most of the picture.
hawk , 鹰 /hɔːk/
fish hawk, 鱼鹰
swooping over the water, 俯冲过水面
swoop, （尤指为进攻而从高处）俯冲，向下猛扑
talons, N-COUNT (猛禽的)爪，利爪 talon的复数 /ˈtælənz/
great black wings, 巨大的黑色翅膀
take up most of the picture, 占据了照片的大部分
TOM: So you could discuss it in relation to predators and food chains?
in/with relation to something, ① PREP-PHRASE 与…相比 ②PREP-PHRASE 关于;涉及
The money he’d been ordered to pay was minimal in relation to his salary, 他被要求支付的金额与他的薪水相比微不足道。
a question which has been asked many times in relation to Irish affairs, 被问过多次的关于爱尔兰事务的问题
predator,N-COUNT 捕食性动物
food chain, N-COUNT 食物链
you could discuss it in relation to predators and food chains, 你可以从捕食者和食物链的角度来讨论它
JESS: Well actually I think I’ll concentrate on the impression of rapid motion it gives.
the impression of rapid motion,快速运动的印象
TOM: Right.
JESS: Do you know that picture of a kingfisher by van Gogh – it’s perching on a reed growing near a stream.
kingfisher , 翠鸟
perch, ①VERB 坐在…边缘；坐在…顶端 ②VERB （鸟）栖息，停留
reed , N-COUNT 芦苇
perching on a reed, 栖息在芦苇上
a reed growing near a stream, 溪边生长的芦苇
TOM: Yes it’s got these beautiful blue and red and black shades.
it’s got, it has got 表示it 拥有
shade, ①阴处;阴凉处 [ U ] ② [ C ] a type or degree of a colour 色调，色度
JESS: Mm hm. I’ve actually chosen it because I saw a real kingfisher once when I was little, I was out walking with my grandfather, and I’ve never forgotten it.
TOM: So we can use a personal link?
JESS: Sure.
TOM: OK. There’s a portrait called William Wells, I can’t remember the artist but it’s a middle-aged man who’s just shot a bird. And his expression, and the way he’s holding the bird in his hand suggests he’s not sure about what he’s done. To me it’s about how ambiguous people are in the way they exploit the natural world.
portrait, 肖像，画像;人像照片 [ C ]
middle-aged, ADJ 中年的 /ˌmɪdl ˈeɪdʒd/
a middle-aged man who’s just shot a bird, 一个刚刚射中一只鸟的中年男子who’s = who has
shoot, VERB 枪杀;枪击;射伤;射杀 /ʃuːt/
shot, shoot的过去分词和过去式 /ʃɒt/
ambiguous, ADJ-GRADED 含糊不清的;引起歧义的，模棱两可的;不明确的
exploit , 利用;开发;发挥
exploit the natural world, 开发自然世界
the way they exploit the natural world, 他们开发自然界的方式
be ambiguous in sth, 在某事上模棱两可
JESS: Interesting. There’s Gauguin’s picture Vairumati. He did it in Tahiti. It’s a woman with a white bird behind her that is eating a lizard, and what I’m interested in is what idea this bird refers to. Apparently, it’s a reference to the never-ending cycle of existence.
He did it in Tahit, 他在塔希特做的。注意连读
behind her, 在她身后 (注意语音现象)
lizard, 蜥蜴
what idea this bird refers to, 这只鸟指的是什么想法
reference, ① [ C or U ] a mention of something 提到;谈到;论及 ② [ C ] 引文出处;参考书目 ③ [ C ] (LETTER) 推荐信;介绍信 ④ [ U ] (LOOK AT) 参考，查阅
Knowing what had happened，I avoided making any reference to (= mentioning) weddings, 因为我知道发生了什么，所以就避开不谈婚礼的事儿。
it’s a reference to the never-ending cycle of existence, 它指的是生生不息的循环
existence, ① [ U ] the fact of something or someone existing 存在；实有 ② [ C usually singular ] a particular way of life 生活；生活方式
The theatre company that they started is still in existence today, 他们创建的剧团时至今日仍在演出。
a miserable existence, 悲惨的生活
TOM: Wow. I chose a portrait of a little boy, Giovanni de Medici. He’s holding a tiny bird in one fist. I like the way he’s holding it carefully so he doesn’t hurt it.
fist, [ C ]拳，拳头
he doesn’t hurt it, 他没有伤害它 【注意连读】
JESS: Ah right.
听力题目
Which TWO parts of the introductory stage to their art projects do Jess and Tom agree were useful?
- A. the Bird Park visit
- B. the workshop sessions
- C. the Natural History Museum visit √
- D. the projects done in previous years
- E. the handouts with research sources √
Which TWO parts of the introductory stage to their art projects do Jess and Tom agree were useful?, 杰西和汤姆认为他们艺术项目的入门阶段的哪两个部分是有用的？
In which TWO ways do both Jess and Tom decide to change their proposals?
- A. by giving a rationale for their action plans
- B. by being less specific about the outcome √
- C. by adding a video diary presentation
- D. by providing a timeline and a mind map
- E. by making their notes more evaluative √
Personal meanings
A a childhood memory
B hope for the future
C fast movement
D a potential threat
E the power of colour
F the continuity of life
G protection of nature
H a confused attitude to nature
Falcon (Landseer) – D
Fish hawk (Audubon) – C
Kingfisher (van Gogh) – A
Portrait of William Wells – H
Vairumati (Gauguin) – F
Portrait of Giovanni de Medici – G
a potential threat, 潜在威胁
the continuity of life, 生命的延续
a confused attitude to nature, 对自然的困惑态度
听力单选题做题技巧
用尽一切时间，疯狂读题目
理想情况是：在选择题开始之前，已经读完了[二分之一]左右的题目了
如果有可能，每道题读2遍
【题干】比【选项】更重要
对于字数较多的选项，需要抓住其【关键词】 （纵向比较备选项）
我们这里所说的关键字是指，可以区别于其他选项的单词。
Originally, Stevenson’s manufactured goods for
- A. the healthcare industry.
- B. the automotive industry.
- C. the machine tools industry.
对于这个题目，这里面的关键字就是healthcare 、automotive 、machine tools 。这个是一目了然的。
Parents are asked to：
- A. help their children to decide in advance which serving point to use.
- B. make sure their children have enough money for food.
- C. advise their children on healthy food to eat.
比如这个题目，字数很多，这需要我们在理解题目的基础上(也就是阅读能力)才能精确找到。这里的关键字分别为：in advance、enough money、healthy food 。A选项中的serving point算关键字么，其实也算。但是严格一点的话，也不算。因为serving point 和food是同义替换。
在心底里模拟出不认识的单词的发音（特别是【人名】等专有名词）
开始听，时刻注意说到哪了
听到对应的内容，就用眼神or 笔标记一下；
听到之后，不要试图在心里【翻译】，因为没时间；主要还是需要找【点对点】的对应，而不是【整个句子意思的对应】，前者的反应速度才是最快的
听到的不一定是【原词】，也可能是【同义改写】的表达
音频会在【小题之间】稍微停顿一下，注意【定位】&【断舍离】。
这里所谓的断舍离意思就是：如果上一题听不来或者犹豫选哪个，这个时候，音频明显有一个小停顿，就不用管了。马上专心听下一个，上一个要么空着，要么先选一个。
三个选项对应的内容一定都会出现，但出现的顺序【不一定】
做出答案
【原词】以及【同义改写表达】不能作为【正确选项】or 【迷惑选项】的判断标准（作为辅助判断标准也不行！！！）
意思是，我们要明确听到答案才可以。而不是说，我听到一个原词，就觉得雅思听力肯定不会让原词作为答案，于是就排除掉选项中包含原词的选项。
但是，我的做题经验是，如果我听到原词，大概率就是考官想迷惑我。应该是我太菜的缘故
注意【although 】【but 】【however 】【used to be 】【过去XXX 】等逻辑提示词对于选项的影响
听到逻辑提示词，要注意。但不不能机械的认为，听到 however 或者but就一定是否同前面的内容。听到although 和 used to be 就是否定后面的内容
【单选题】的阅读量很大，必须接受【边听+边读+边选】造成的【听力无法全神贯注】的现实。所以：【提升英文硬实力】的重要性凸显了出来！
听力多选题做题技巧
同【单选题】
如果是双人对话，注意题干中【agree 】【both 】等词和【原文的照应】
- me too
- Yeah
- I …… + too
注意：【多选题】的阅读量大、音频中信息密集、关键信息咬得很紧，更需要提升【英语听力硬实力】
听力匹配题做题技巧
用尽一切时间，疯狂读题目
理想情况是：在匹配题开始之前，已经读完了【二分之一】左右的题目了
如果有可能，每道题和选项读2遍
在心底里模拟出不认识的单词的发音（特别是【人名】等专有名词）
【匹配题选项】和【听力原文】的对应也遵循类似的【阅读的同义改写】原则，所以在读题的时候，可以猜想答案可能以什么方式出现（这一要求很高，备考前期无须强求）
如：选项为【fast movementmovement 】,猜想原文可能是【rapid movement】（同义词改写）
选项为【a childhood memory】，猜想原文可能是【说话者的一段个人经历】（上下义词改写）
开始听，时刻注意说到哪了
听到对应的内容，就用眼神or 笔标记一下；
听到之后，不要试图在心里【翻译】，因为没时间；主要还是需要找【点对点】的对应，而不是【整个句子意思的对应】，前者的反应速度才是最快的
听到的不一定是【原词】，也可能是【同义改写】的表达
听的时候，先根据【题目内容】定位，再转向【选项】
选项太多比较碍眼，确定某一个之后可以划掉（机考的话直接拖进对应框格）
选项太多，听得时候势必会因为看选项而分散听的精力，所以【匹配题】相当考验【听力硬实力】
做出答案
【原词】以及【同义改写表达】不能作为【正确选项】or 【迷惑选项】的判断标准（作为辅助判断标准也不行！！！）
注意对答案可能是原文的【同义词替换】，也可能是【凝练概括】。（同义词替换：fast -rapid ；凝练概括： childhood memory）
听力地图题做题技巧
用尽一切时间，疯狂读题目
理想情况是：在地图题开始之前，已经读完了【二分之一】左右的题目了
先读题目中涉及到的【地点类名词】，在心底里模拟出不认识的单词的发音
看清楚图里的【图例】（roadroad ；trees ；corridors ）
如果不熟悉【东西南北】，可以在图里标注一下
开始听，时刻注意说到哪了
听到对应的内容，就用眼神or 笔标记一下（机考：也可以用手指着屏幕）；
听到之后，不要试图在心里【翻译】，因为没时间；主要还是需要找【点对点】的对应，而不是【整个句子意思的对应】，前者的反应速度才是最快的
听的时候，先根据【题目内容】定位，再转向【选项】
【评价性的内容】不用管，记住【方位】就行
录音会在【每一个地点之间】稍微停一下
做出答案
这个几乎没什么技巧，能听得出，就能做得出，十分考验听力实力
心得
【地图题】难，不是因为【题型特殊】，而是在于【对应英文表达】我们尤其欠缺，可以通过【专项训练】迅速获得，也可通过细水长流地积累（【建议背下来】）。
做题方法论总结
方法论1：读题技巧
疯狂往后读，挪出Part 1的时间给后面的部分
重要的部分【读2遍】（如：选择题读两遍）
选择题【题干】比【选项】更重要
选择题的【选项】通过抓取【不同选项的关键词】来快速获得重点
不认识的单词不要怕，在心里【模拟其发音】
千万不要只关注【空格】，空格【前面的内容】and 【后面的内容】同样重要
方法论2：定位技巧
如果是双人对话，那【角色的切换】是最基本的【逻辑顺序提示】；如果是【单人演讲】，那【较长的停顿】可能是有效的【逻辑顺序提示】
【双人对话的Part 1填空题】有一系列【逻辑顺序提示词】，听出它们，可能让我们知道【什么时候该换行、换点】了。不需要记下来，但需要在反复的练习中去【熟悉它们的存在】
所有会【影响逻辑走向的词（although 、but、however 等）】都需要注意，很有可能它们会对我们【刚刚听到并笃定正确的内容进行取反】
方法论3：技巧之外的硬实力
保证自己【看着能认识】这些单词：【听力文稿精读】or 【阅读文稿精读】
保证自己【能听出来】这些单词：【全文精听】
方法论4：从哪些角度分析错题原因
没找到定位？（预读题目的效率不高？定位词错过？）
没听懂？（单词量不够？单词量够了，但没听出来？）
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