Section 1：EMPLOYMENT AGENCY: POSSIBLE JOBS
听力原文
Sally: Good morning. Thanks for coming in to see us here at the agency, Joe. I’m one of the agency representatives, and my name’s Sally Baker.
Joe: Hi Sally. I think we spoke on the phone, didn’t we?
Sally: That’s right, we did. So thank you for sending in your CV. We’ve had quite a careful look at it and I think we have two jobs that might be suitable for you.
Joe: OK.
see us here, 在这里见我们
agency representatives, 中介代表。representatives /ˌrɛprɪˈzɛntətɪvz/N-COUNT 代表;代理人
had quite a careful look at it, 我仔细地看了看它（CV）
Sally: The first one is in a company based in North London. They’re looking for an administrative assistant.
Joe: OK. What sort of company is it?
Sally: They’re called Home Solutions and they design and make furniture. Q1
Joe: Oh, I don’t know much about that, but it sounds interesting.
administrative assistant, 行政助理 /ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv əˈsɪstənt/。administrative ADJ 经营的；管理的；行政的
design and make furniture, 设计和制作家具。furniture/ˈfɜːnɪtʃə(r)/
Sally: Yes, well as I said, they want someone in their office, and looking at your past experience it does look as if you fit quite a few of the requirements. So on your CV it appears you’ve done some data entry?
Joe: Yes.
Sally: So that’s one skill they want. Then they expect the person they appoint to attend meetings and take notes there … Q2
Joe: OK. I’ve done that before, yes.
Sally: And you’d need to be able to cope with general admin.
Joe: Filing, and keeping records and so on? That should be OK. And in my last job I also had to manage the diary. Q3
Sally: Excellent. That’s something they want here too. I’d suggest you add it to your CV – I don’t think you mentioned that, did you?
Joe: No.
past experience, 过去的经历
it does look as if you fit quite a few of the requirements, 看起来你确实符合很多要求
it appears you’ve done some data entry, 看起来/似乎，你做过一些数据录入的工作。it appears /ɪt əˈpɪəz/ 似乎；看来
data entry, /ˈdeɪtə ˈentri/ 数据输入
entry,/ˈentri/ N-UNCOUNT 进入权;进入许可
the person they appoint, 他们任命的人。appoint /əˈpɔɪnt/ VERB 任命；委派；指派
attend meetings and take notes, 参加会议并做笔记
general admin, 基本的行政管理工作。general /ˈdʒenrəl/ ADJ 一般性的；普通的
Filing and keeping records, 归档和保存记录。Filing /ˈfaɪlɪŋ/ [不可数名词] 存档；归档
manage the diary, 管理日程簿。diary /ˈdaɪəri/ ①日记，日志 ② 日程簿
Excellent, /ˈeksələnt/ ADJ 极好的;优秀的;卓越的;杰出的
Sally: So as far as the requirements go, they want good computer skills, of course, and they particularly mention spreadsheets.
Joe: That should be fine.
Sally: And interpersonal skills – which would be something they’d check with your references.
Joe: I think that should be OK, yes.
Sally: Then they mention that they want someone who is careful and takes care with details – just looking at your CV, I’d say you’re probably alright there. Q4
as far as sth. go, 就某事而言
as far as the requirements go, 就要求而言
they particularly mention, 他们特别提到
spreadsheets, /ˈsprɛdʃiːts/ (计算机)电子表格程序
interpersonal skills, 沟通能力；人际技能/ˌɪntəˈpɜːsənl ˈskɪlz/
check with your references, 核实你的推荐信
is careful and takes care with details, 细心，注重细节
Joe: I think so, yes. Do they want any special experience?
Sally: I think they wanted some experience of teleconferencing.
Joe: I’ve got three years’ experience of that.
Sally: Let’s see, yes, good. In fact they’re only asking for at least one year, so that’s Q5 great. So is that something that might interest you?
Joe: It is, yes. The only thing is, you said they were in North London so it would be quite a long commute for me.
Sally: OK.
teleconferencing, 电话会议；远程会议 /ˈtelikɒnfərənsɪŋ/
So is that something that might interest you?, 那么，这(份工作)会引起你的兴趣吗？
a long commute for me, 对我来说，通勤时间很长。commute /kəˈmjuːt/ N-COUNT 上下班路程
Sally: So the second position might suit you better as far as the location goes; that’s for a warehouse assistant and that’s in South London.
Joe: Yes, that would be a lot closer.
Sally: And you’ve worked in a warehouse before, haven’t you?
Joe: Yes.
Sally: So as far as the responsibilities for this position go, they want someone who can manage the stock, obviously, and also deliveries.
suit you better, 更适合你
as far as the location goes, 就地点而言
warehouse assistant, 仓库助理 /ˈweəhaʊs əˈsɪstənt/
be a lot closer, 要近得多 closer /‘kləʊzə/
as far as the responsibilities for this position go, 就这个职位的职责而言 /rɪsˌpɒnsəˈbɪlɪtiz/
manage the stock and also deliveries, 管理库存和(库存的)运送。 deliveries /dɪˈlɪvəriz/ N-VAR (信件、包裹等的)递送，投递，运送
Joe: That should be OK. You’ve got to keep track of stuff, but I’ve always been quite good with numbers.
Sally: Good. that’s their first requirement. And they want someone who’s computer literate, which we know you are.
Joe: Sure.
Sally: Then they mention organisational skills. They want someone who’s well organised.
Joe: Yes, I think I am.
Sally: And tidy?
Joe: Yes, they go together really, don’t they?
Sally: Sure. Then the usual stuff; they want someone who can communicate well both orally and in writing.
Joe: OK. And for the last warehouse job I had, one of the things I enjoyed most was being part of a team. I found that was really essential for the job.
Sally: Excellent. Yes, they do mention that they want someone who’s used to that, yes. Now when you were working in a warehouse last time, what sorts of items were you dealing with?
Joe: It was mostly bathroom and kitchen equipment, sinks and stoves and fridges.
Sally: So you’re OK moving heavy things?
Joe: Sure. I’m quite strong, and I’ve had the training.
have got to, 必须（美国英语的非正式语体中have有时可省略）
keep track of sb/sth, 了解 …；记录….；与某人保持联系
lose track of sb/sth, 不了解 …；与某人失去联系
You’ve got to keep track of stuff, 你需要记录一些东西
computer literate, /kəmˌpjuːtə ˈlɪtərət/ 精通电脑
literate, /ˈlɪt.ər.ət/ ADJ-GRADED 熟练的；通晓的
someone who’s computer literate, 懂电脑的人
organisational skills, 组织能力 /ˌɔːgənaɪˈzeɪʃən(ə)l/ 组织的
someone who’s well organised, 有组织能力的人。organised /‘ɔ:gənaɪzd/ adj.有组织的；系统的；有条理的；有安排的
tidy, /ˈtaɪdi/ 整齐的;整洁的，有条理的
they go together really, 他们都是一体的(organised和tidy是一起的)
the usual stuff, 常见的东西（要求）
can communicate well both orally and in writing, 能够很好地进行口头和书面沟通。orally /‘ɔːrəli/ adv.口头；囗头上。in writing 以说明形式
essential, /ɪˈsenʃl/ ADJ-GRADED 绝对必要的;必不可少的;基本的
Excellent, EXCLAM （表示赞同）好极了，太好了
what sorts of items were you dealing with?, 你处理的是什么样的物品？
moving heavy things, 搬运重物。heavy /ˈhevi/
Sally: Good. Now as far as experience goes, they mention they want someone with a licence, and that you have experience of driving in London – so you can cope with the traffic and so on.
Joe: Yes, no problem.
Sally: And you’ve got experience of warehouse work … and the final thing they mention is customer service. I think looking at your CV you’re OK there.
Joe: Right. So what about pay? Can you tell me a bit more about that, please …
cope with the traffic and so on, 应付运输等等。traffic /ˈtræfɪk/ 运输量，运输
customer service, /ˌkʌstəmə ˈsɜːvɪs/ N-UNCOUNT 客户服务
Can you tell me a bit more about that, 你能告诉我更多吗
听力题目
Employment Agency: Possible Jobs
- First Job
- Administrative assistant in a company that produces furniture (North London)
- Responsibilities
- data entry
- go to meetings and take notes
- general admin
- management of diary
- Requirements
- good computer skills including spreadsheets
- good interpersonal skills
- attention to details
- Experience
- need a minimum of 1 year of experience of teleconferencing
- Second Job
- Warehouse assistant in South London
- Responsibilities
- stock management
- managing deliveries
- Requirements
- ability to work with numbers
- good computer skills
- very organised and tidy
- good communication skills
- used to working in a team
- able to cope with items that are heavy
- Need experience of
- driving in London
- warehouse work
- customer service
Section 2：STREET PLAY SCHEME
听力原文
Presenter: My guest on the show today is Alice Riches who started the Street Play Scheme where she lives in Beechwood Road. For those of you that don’t already know – Street Play involves local residents closing off their street for a few hours so that children have a chance to play in the street safely. She started it in her own street, Beechwood Road, and the idea caught on, and there are now Street Play Schemes all over the city. So when did you actually start the scheme, Alice?
Presenter, /prɪˈzentə(r)/ (英国英语)（广播、电视）节目主持人
the Street Play Scheme, 街头游戏计划。
Scheme, /skiːm/ an officially organized plan or system 方案，计划 mainly UK
local residents, 当地居民 / ˈrezɪdənts /
closing off their street, 封锁他们的街道
the idea caught on, 这个想法流行起来了。caught on /kɔːt ɒn/。
catch on, /kætʃ ɒn/ PHRASAL VERB 时兴;流行
there are now Street Play Schemes all over the city, 现在全城都有街头游戏
Alice: Well, I first had the idea when my oldest child was still a toddler, so that’s about six years ago now – but it took at least two years of campaigning before we were actually able to make it happen. So the scheme’s been up and running for three years now. We’d love to be able to close our road for longer – for the whole weekend, from Saturday morning until Sunday evening, for example. At the moment it’s just once a week. But when we started it was only once a month. But we’re working on it.
when my oldest child was still a toddler, 当我最大的孩子还是蹒跚学步的时候。toddler /ˈtɒdlə(r)/ N-COUNT 学步的孩童
So the scheme’s been up and running for three years now, 所以这个计划已经实施了三年了。scheme’s been = scheme has been
up and running, （尤指系统或机器）运行，运转
for three years now, 到现在为止已经三年了。 “now”强调了当前的时间点，即说话的时候，而这个状态或行为已经持续到了这个时间点
We’d love to be able to close our road for longer, 我们希望能把道路封闭更长时间。We’d love to = we would love to = 意思是“我们非常愿意”或“我们很想”
At the moment, 此刻，目前，眼下
But we’re working on it, 但是我们正在努力。 work on sth：努力做某事
Presenter: So what actually happens when Beechwood Road is closed?
Alice: We have volunteer wardens, mostly parents but some elderly residents too, who block off our road at either end. The council have provided special signs but there’s always a volunteer there to explain what’s happening to any motorists. Generally, they’re fine about it – we’ve only had to get the police involved once or twice.
Now I should explain that the road isn’t completely closed to cars. But only residents’ cars are allowed. If people really need to get in or out of Beechwood Road, it’s not a problem – as long as they drive at under 20 kilometres per hour. But most people just decide not to use their cars during this time, or they park in another street. The wardens are only there to stop through traffic.
volunteer wardens, 志愿者监护人
wardens, /ˈwɔːdnz/ N-COUNT 监督员;管理员
elderly residents, /ˈeldəli ˈrezɪdənts/ 老年居民
block off our road, 封锁我们的路。block off /blɒk ɒf/ PHRASAL VERB 封闭，封住（门、窗或通道）
at either end, 在两端。either end /ˈaɪðə(r) end/
motorists, /ˈməʊtərɪsts/ N-COUNT 汽车驾驶人;驾驶员
had to get the police involved once or twice, 不得不让警察介入一两次
the road isn’t completely closed to cars, 这条路并没有完全禁止汽车通行。completely /kəmˈpliːtli/ 彻底地
as long as they drive at under 20 kilometres per hour, 只要他们以每小时20公里以下的速度行驶。
to stop through traffic, 阻止过境车辆通行。“through traffic”指的是不允许经过该街区的过境车辆
Presenter: So can anyone apply to get involved in Street Play?
Alice: Absolutely – we want to include all kids in the city – especially those who live on busy roads. It’s here that demand is greatest. Obviously, there isn’t such demand in wealthier areas where the children have access to parks or large gardens – or in the suburbs where there are usually more places for children to play outside.
I’d recommend that anyone listening who likes the idea should just give it a go. We’ve been surprised by the positive reaction of residents all over the city. And that’s not just parents. There are always a few who complain but they’re a tiny minority. On the whole everyone is very supportive and say they’re very happy to see children out on the street – even if it does get quite noisy.
live on busy roads, 住在繁忙的道路上。
busy roads, 繁忙的道路：指车流量大、交通繁忙的道路。
demand is greatest, 需求最大。demand /dɪˈmɑːnd/。
there isn’t such demand in wealthier areas, 富裕地区没有这样的需求。demand /dɪˈmɑːnd/。wealthier /ˈwelθɪə/
wealthier areas, 富裕地区。wealthier /ˈwelθɪə/ wealthy的比较级 富有的，有钱的
in the suburbs, /ɪn ðə ˈsʌbɜːbz/ 在郊区；在郊外
I’d recommend that, 我推荐 recommend /ˌrekəˈmend/
anyone listening who likes the idea, 任何喜欢这个想法的听众。listening 修饰 anyone
give it a go, 尝试做某事
positive reaction of residents, 居民积极反应。/ˈpɒzətɪv riˈækʃn/
a tiny minority, /ə ˈtaɪni maɪˈnɒrəti/ 极少数
tiny, /ˈtaɪni/ ADJ-GRADED 极小的;非常小的
minority, /maɪˈnɒrəti/ N-COUNT 少数民族；少数群体
On the whole, 总体而言
everyone is very supportive, 大家都很支持。supportive /səˈpɔːtɪv/ ADJ-GRADED 给予帮助的;热心援助的;支持的
get quite noisy, 变得很吵
Alice: There have been so many benefits of Street Play for the kids. Parents really like the fact that the kids are getting fresh air instead of sitting staring at a computer screen, even if they’re not doing anything particularly energetic. And of course it’s great that kids can play with their friends outside without being supervised by their parents – but for me the biggest advantage is that kids develop confidence in themselves to be outside without their parents. The other really fantastic thing is that children get to know the adults in the street – it’s like having a big extended family.
getting fresh air, 呼吸新鲜空气。air /eə(r)/
instead of sitting staring at a computer screen, 而不是坐着盯着电脑屏幕。/ɪnˈsted əv/ /ˈsɪtɪŋ/ /ˈsteərɪŋ/“sitting”在这里作为状语，修饰后面的主要动词“staring”，说明了“staring”这一动作是在“坐着”的状态下进行的。
doing anything particularly energetic, 做任何特别有活力的事情 /ˌenəˈdʒetɪk/
energetic, /ˌenəˈdʒetɪk/ 精力充沛的;充满活力的
without being supervised by their parents, 没有父母的监督。/ˈsuːpəvaɪzd/ VERB 指导;监督
the biggest advantage, 最大的优势
develop confidence in themselves, 培养对自己的信心
fantastic thing, 令人惊叹或兴奋的事物。fantastic /fænˈtæstɪk/ ADJ-GRADED 极好的;极妙的;了不起的
get to know, 意思是“逐渐了解”或“开始认识”。这个短语通常用于描述人与人之间的关系，特别是当两个人刚开始相互了解或建立友谊时。它强调了了解的过程，而不是瞬间的认识或了解。
it’s like having a big extended family, 这就像是拥有了一个庞大的大家庭。
extended family, N-COUNT 大家庭An extended family is a family group which includes relatives such as uncles, aunts, and grandparents, as well as parents, children, and brothers and sisters.
Presenter: It certainly does have a lot of benefits. I want to move on now and ask you about a related project in King Street.
Alice: Right. Well this was an experiment I was involved in where local residents decided to try and reduce the traffic along King Street, which is the busiest main road in our area, by persuading people not to use their cars for one day. We thought about making people pay more for parking – but we decided that would be really unpopular – so instead we just stopped people from parking on King Street but left the other car parks open.
It was surprising how much of a difference all this made. As we’d predicted, air quality was significantly better but what I hadn’t expected was how much quieter it would be – even with the buses still running. Of course everyone said they felt safer but we were actually amazed that sales in the shops went up considerably that day – we thought there’d be fewer people out shopping – not more.
Presenter: That’s really interesting so the fact that …
I want to move on now and ask you about a related project, 现在我想继续提问，想了解一下您的一个相关项目
move on, /muːv ɒn/ PHRASAL VERB (结束某活动后) 改做别事 If you move on, you finish or stop one activity and start doing something different.
a related project, 相关项目
an experiment I was involved in, 我参与的一个实验
be involved in, 参与，涉及：参与某个活动、事件或组织
try and reduce the traffic along King Street, 尽量减少金街的交通量
the busiest main road, 最繁忙的主干道。busiest /ˈbɪzɪɪst/ busy的最高级
left the other car parks open, 让其他停车场开着。left /left/ leave的过去分词和过去式
car parks, /kɑː(r) pɑːks/ N-COUNT 停车场;车库
It was surprising how much of a difference all this made, 令人惊讶的是，这一切产生了多大的影响
As we’d predicted, 正如我们所预测的那样 /prɪˈdɪktɪd/
air quality,/ˈeə kwɒləti/ 空气质量
even with the buses still running, 即使公共汽车还在运行。with 独立主格
felt safer,感觉更安全 /ˈseɪfə/ /felt/
sales in the shops went up considerably, 商店的销售额大幅增长。/kənˈsɪdərəbli/
听力题目
When did the Street Play Scheme first take place?
- A. two years ago
- B. three years ago
- C. six years ago
How often is Beechwood Road closed to traffic now?
- A. once a week
- B. on Saturdays and Sundays
- C. once a month
Who is responsible for closing the road?
- A. a council official
- B. the police
- C. local wardens
Residents who want to use their cars
- A. have to park in another street.
- B. must drive very slowly.
- C. need permission from a warden.
Alice says that Street Play Schemes are most needed in
- A. wealthy areas.
- B. quiet suburban areas.
- C. areas with heavy traffic.
What has been the reaction of residents who are not parents?
- A. Many of them were unhappy at first.
- B. They like seeing children play in the street.
- C. They are surprised by the lack of noise.
Who is responsible for closing the road?, 谁负责封闭道路？
need permission from a warden, 需要管理员的许可。/pəˈmɪʃn/
heavy traffic, /ˈhevi ˈtræfɪk/ 拥堵交通：指交通流量大、车辆密集的情况。
areas with heavy traffic, 交通繁忙的地区
Which TWO benefits for children does Alice think are the most important?
-
A. increased physical activity
- B. increased sense of independence
- C. opportunity to learn new games
- D. opportunity to be part of a community
- E. opportunity to make new friends
Which TWO results of the King Street experiment surprised Alice?
- A. more shoppers
- B. improved safety
- C. less air pollution
- D. more relaxed atmosphere
- E. less noise pollution
increased sense of independence, 增强独立感
opportunity to be part of a community, 成为社区一员的机会
less noise pollution, 更少的噪音污
improved safety, 提高了安全性
Section 3：TYPES OF ARTICLES
听力原文
Hazel: Tom, could I ask you for some advice, please?
Tom: Yes of course, if you think I can help. What’s it about?
Hazel: It’s my first media studies assignment, and I’m not sure how to go about it. You must have done it last year.
Tom: Is that the one comparing the coverage of a particular story in a range of newspapers?
Hazel: That’s right.
Tom: Oh yes, I really enjoyed writing it.
I’m not sure how to go about it, 我不知道该怎么办。go about 着手做；开始做
You must have done it last year, 你一定是去年做的
comparing the coverage of a particular story in a range of newspapers, 比较一系列报纸对特定故事的报道。
coverage, /ˈkʌvərɪdʒ/ N-UNCOUNT 新闻报道；采访
Hazel: So what sort of things do I need to compare?
Tom: Well, there are several things. For example, there’s the question of which page of the newspaper the item appears on.
Hazel: You mean, because there’s a big difference between having it on the front page and the bottom of page ten, for instance?
Tom: Exactly. And that shows how important the editor thinks the story is. Then there’s the size – how many column inches the story is given, how many columns it spreads over.
Hazel: And I suppose that includes the headline.
Tom: It certainly does. It’s all part of attracting the reader’s attention.
which page of the newspaper the item appears on, 该报道出现在报纸的哪一页
item, /ˈaɪtəm/ N-COUNT 一篇报道(或文章);(新闻等的)一条,一则
having it on the front page, 把它放在头版。
front page, /ˌfrʌnt ˈpeɪdʒ/ （报纸的）头版
how many column inches the story is given, 故事占多少栏英寸。column inches /ˈkɒləm ˈɪntʃɪz/ 栏英寸
column inch, 栏英寸 /ˈkɒləm ɪntʃ/ 一种衡量报纸对故事的篇幅和关注度的方法
how many columns it spreads over, 它（报道/故事）分布在多少列上。spreads /spredz/
spreads over, /spred ˈəʊvə(r)/ 分布，遍布
It’s all part of attracting the reader’s attention, 这都是吸引读者注意力的一部分
Hazel: What about graphics – whether there’s anything visual in addition to the text?
graphics, /ˈɡræfɪks/ noun [ plural ] 图样;图案;绘图;图像
whether there’s anything visual in addition to the text, 除了文字之外，是否还有视觉效果。/ˈweðə(r)/
whether, /ˈweðə(r)/ CONJ-SUBORD (表示选择或怀疑)是否，是不是
anything visual, 任何视觉的东西=任何视觉效果。visual/ˈvɪʒuəl/ ADJ 视觉的;视力的;可见的
in addition to the text, 除了文本。/tekst/
Whether是一个英语中常用的连词，主要用于表示“是否”或“或然”
Whether常用于疑问句中，引导间接疑问句
- Do you know whether she is coming?（你知道她是否会来吗？）
- Ask her whether she needs help.（问问她是否需要帮助。）
Whether也可用在陈述句中，表示“是否”或“或然”。
- It is important whether she is coming.（她是否会来很重要。）
- I’m not sure whether or not the train has left.（我不确定火车是否已经开走。）
间接疑问句（Indirect Questions）是英语语法中的一种特殊句式，它并不是由想知道某事的人直接提出的问句，而是由另一方以陈述句的形式表达出来，却隐含了询问的意图。
接疑问句常用于转述别人提出的询问，以获取观点、信息或建议。例如，“He asked me where I had bought the book.”（他问我在哪里买了这本书。）这句话就是转述了别人的一个直接疑问句。
Tom: Yes, you need to consider those, too, because they can have a big effect on the reader’s understanding of the story – sometimes a bigger effect than the text itself. Then you’ll need to look at how the item is put together: what structure is it given? Bear in mind that not many people read beyond the first paragraph, so what has the journalist put at the beginning? And if, say, there are conflicting opinions about something, does one appear near the end, where people probably won’t read it?
sometimes a bigger effect than the text itself, 有时比文本本身更大的影响。
how the item is put together, 报道是如何组合在一起的
what structure is it given?, 它给出了什么结构？。structure /ˈstrʌktʃə(r)/。
Bear in mind that, 请记住；把…牢记在心 /beə(r) ɪn maɪnd ðæt/
not many people read beyond the first paragraph, 没有多少人读完第一段。paragraph/ˈpærəɡrɑːf/
journalist, 新闻记者 /ˈdʒɜːnəlɪst/
say, 比如说;比方说 You can use say or let’s say when you mention something as an example.
conflicting opinions, 有分歧的观点 /kənˈflɪktɪŋ/
appear near the end, 出现在末尾附近
Hazel: And newspapers sometimes give wrong or misleading information, don’t they? Either deliberately or by accident. Should I be looking at that, too?
Tom: Yes, if you can. Compare what’s in different versions, and as far as possible, try and work out what’s true and what isn’t. And that relates to a very important point: what’s the writer’s purpose, or at least the most important one, if they have several. It may seem to be to inform the public, but often it’s that they want to create fear, or controversy, or to make somebody look ridiculous.
misleading information, 误导性信息 /ˌmɪsˈliːdɪŋ ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃn/
Either deliberately or by accident, 有意或无意。/ˈaɪðə(r)/ /dɪˈlɪbərətli/
Compare what’s in different versions, 比较不同版本中的内容
work out what’s true and what isn’t, 弄清楚什么是真的，什么不是
that relates to a very important point, 这与一个非常重要的问题有关。relates to /rɪˈleɪts tu/ 与…相关
inform the public, 告知公众/ɪnˈfɔːm/
create fear or controversy, 制造恐惧或争议。controversy /ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi/ N-VAR 争论;争议;辩论
make somebody look ridiculous, 让某人看起来很可笑。ridiculous /rɪˈdɪkjələs/ ADJ-GRADED 愚蠢的;荒谬的;可笑的
Hazel: Gosh, I see what you mean. And I suppose the writer may make assumptions about the reader.
Tom: That’s right – about their knowledge of the subject, their attitudes, and their level of education, which means writing so that the readers understand without feeling patronised. All of that will make a difference to how the story is presented.
Gosh, /ɡɒʃ/ (old-fashioned, informal)（惊奇或惊讶时说）天哪，啊呀
I see what you mean, /aɪ siː wɒt ju miːn/ 我明白您的意思
make assumptions about the reader, 对读者做出假设。assumptions /əˈsʌmpʃ(ə)nz/ N-COUNT 假定;假设;臆断
their knowledge of the subject, 他们对这个（报道的）主题的知识
their level of education, 他们的教育水平
without feeling patronised, 不感到被居高临下 /ˈpæt.rə.naɪzt/
patronise, /ˈpæt.rə.naɪz/ to speak to or behave towards someone as if they are stupid or not important 屈尊俯就地对待;对…摆出高人一等的派头
make a difference to how the story is presented, 影响故事的呈现方式
Hazel: Does it matter what type of story I write about?
Tom: No – national or international politics, the arts … Anything, as long as it’s covered in two or three newspapers. Though of course it’ll be easier and more fun if it’s something you’re interested in and know something about.
Hazel: And on that basis a national news item would be worth analysing – I’m quite keen on politics, so I’ll try and find a suitable topic. What did you choose for your analysis, Tom?
Tom: I was interested in how newspapers express their opinions explicitly, so I wanted to compare editorials in different papers, but when I started looking, I couldn’t find two on the same topic that I felt like analysing.
Hazel: In that case, I won’t even bother to look.
Does it matter what type of story I write about?, 我写什么类型的故事重要吗？
national or international politics, 国家或国际政治
as long as it’s covered in two or three newspapers, 只要有两三份报纸报道。covered /ˈkʌvəd/ VERB 报道
Though, /ðəʊ/ ①虽然 despite the fact that ②可是，不过，然而 but
on that basis, 在此基础上
a national news item, 全国性新闻
I’m quite keen on politics, 我对政治很感兴趣。politics /ˈpɒlətɪks/
how newspapers express their opinions explicitly, 报纸如何明确表达自己的观点。explicitly /ɪksˈplɪsɪtli/ adv.明确地；明白地
explicitly, /ɪksˈplɪsɪtli/ adv.明确地；明白地
implicitly, /ɪmˈplɪsɪtli/ adv.含蓄地；不明显地
compare editorials in different papers, 比较不同报纸的社论。editorials / ˌedɪˈtɔːriəlz /N-COUNT （报纸的）社论 ；（电视或电台）评论
feel like doing sth, 想要干某事
topic that I felt like analysing, 我想分析的话题
In that case, 考虑到那个情况 because of the mentioned situation:
I won’t even bother to look, 我甚至懒得去看。/ˈbɒðə(r)/ VERB 操心；费力；麻烦
bother to do sth, 费心去做某事
bother with sth,为某事烦恼。
Tom: So in the end I chose a human interest story – a terribly emotional story about a young girl who was very ill, and lots of other people – mostly strangers – raised money so she could go abroad for treatment. Actually, I was surprised – some papers just wrote about how wonderful everyone was, but others considered the broader picture, like why treatment wasn’t available here.
Hazel: Hmm, I usually find stories like that raise quite strong feelings in me! I’ll avoid that. Perhaps I’ll choose an arts topic, like different reviews of a film, or something about funding for the arts – I’ll think about that.
Tom: Yes, that might be interesting.
Hazel: OK, well thanks a lot for your help, Tom. It’s been really useful.
Tom: You’re welcome. Good luck with the assignment, Hazel.
听力题目
What Hazel should analyse about items in newspapers:
- what page the item is on
- the size of the item, including the headline
- any graphics accompanying the item
- the structure of the item, e.g. what’s made prominent
- the writer’s main purpose
- the assumption the writer may make about the reader
Types of articles
- national news item：A. She will definitely look for a suitable article.
- editorial ：C. She definitely won’t look for an article.
- human interest：C. She definitely won’t look for an article.
- arts ：B. She may look for a suitable article.
Section 4：EARLY HISTORY OF KEEPING CLEAN
听力原文
Nowadays, we use different products for personal cleanliness, laundry, dishwashing and household cleaning, but this is very much a 20th-century development.
personal cleanliness, 个人卫生/ˈpɜːsənl ˈklenlinəs/
cleanliness, /ˈklenlinəs/ N-UNCOUNT 卫生;清洁;干净
laundry, /ˈlɔːndri/ N-COUNT 洗衣公司；洗衣店
dishwashing, /ˈdɪʃwɒʃɪŋ/ 洗碗
household cleaning, /ˈhaʊshəʊld ˈkliːnɪŋ/ 家居清洁
household, /ˈhaʊshəʊld/ N-SING 家;家务
The origins of cleanliness date back to prehistoric times. Since water is essential for life, the earliest people lived near water and knew something about its cleansing properties – at least that it rinsed mud off their hands.
The origins of cleanliness, 清洁的起源 /ˈɒrɪdʒɪnz/ /ˈklenlinəs/
prehistoric times, 史前时期 /ˌpriːhɪˈstɒrɪk taɪmz/
its cleansing properties, 其清洁性能。cleansing /ˈklenzɪŋ/
cleansing, /ˈklenzɪŋ/ 起清洁作用的
properties, /ˈprɒpətiz/ N-COUNT 特性；性质；性能；属性
it rinsed mud off their hands, 它把他们手上的泥洗掉了。rinsed /rɪnst/ VERB 清洗;冲洗 rinse的过去分词和过去式。mud /mʌd/
mud, /mʌd/ N-UNCOUNT 泥;烂泥;泥浆
During the excavation of ancient Babylon, evidence was found that soap making was known as early as 2800 BC. Archaeologists discovered cylinders made of clay, with inscriptions on them saying that fats were boiled with ashes. This is a method of making soap, though there’s no reference to the purpose of this material.
During the excavation,在发掘过程中 excavation /ˌekskəˈveɪʃn/挖掘；(对古物的)发掘
ancient Babylon, /ˈeɪnʃənt ˈbæbɪlən/ 古巴比伦
soap making, /səʊp ˈmeɪkɪŋ/ 制作肥皂（名词）
as early as 2800 BC, 早在公元前2800年
Archaeologists, /ˌɑːkɪˈɒlədʒɪsts/ 考古学家
cylinders made of clay, 由粘土制成的圆柱体。cylinders /ˈsɪlɪndəz/ N-COUNT 圆柱体;圆筒 。clay /kleɪ/ N-MASS 黏土;陶土
inscriptions, N-COUNT 刻印文字;铭文;碑文 /ɪnˈskrɪpʃənz/
fats were boiled with ashes, 脂肪和灰烬一起煮。boiled /bɔɪld/。ashes /ˈæʃɪz/ 。
there’s no reference to the purpose of this material, 没有提到这种材料的用途
The early Greeks bathed for aesthetic reasons and apparently didn’t use soap. Instead, they cleaned their bodies with blocks of sand, pumice and ashes, then anointed themselves with oil, and scraped off the oil and dirt with a metal instrument known as a strigil. They also used oil mixed with ashes. Clothes were washed without soap in streams.
aesthetic reasons, 审美原因。aesthetic /iːsˈθetɪk/ ADJ-GRADED 美的；艺术的；美感的；审美的
blocks of sand, 沙块。blocks /blɒks/ N-COUNT （长方形）块，大块
pumice, /ˈpʌmɪs/ N-UNCOUNT 浮石，浮岩，轻石（一种火山石，用于去污以及柔肤等）
ashes, /ˈæʃɪz/ N-UNCOUNT 灰；灰烬
anointed themselves with oil, 用油抹自己。anointed /əˈnɔɪntɪd/ VERB （常指在宗教仪式中）涂油（或水）于（人体）
scraped off the oil and dirt, 刮掉油渍和污垢。scraped /skreɪpt/ VERB (尤指用锋利物)刮落,削掉，擦掉。dirt /dɜːt/ N-UNCOUNT 灰尘;尘土;污物
a metal instrument, 金属工具。instrument /ˈɪnstrəmənt/ N-COUNT 器械;器具 (TOOL)
strigil, / ˈstrɪdʒɪl / （古希腊或古罗马人用的）刮身板；搔肤器
The ancient Germans and Gauls are also credited with discovering how to make a substance called ‘soap’, made of melted animal fat and ashes. They used this mixture to tint their hair red.
The ancient Germans and Gauls, 古代德国人和高卢人。Germans /ˈdʒɜːmənz/ [可数名词] 德国人Gaul / ɡɔːl /
somebody are also credited with discovering, 这项发现也归功于somebody 。credited /ˈkredɪtɪd/
credit A with B, /ˈkredɪt/ 认为是…的功劳；把…归于 = 用B这个结果称赞A
credit B to A, /ˈkredɪt/ 认为是…的功劳；把…归于 = 把B这个结果归功于A
make a substance called ‘soap’, 制造一种叫做“肥皂”的物质。substance /ˈsʌbstəns/ N-COUNT 物质;物品;东西
this mixture, 这种混合物/ˈmɪkstʃə(r)/
tint their hair red, 把头发染成红色 tint /tɪnt/ 给…轻微染色
Soap got its name, according to an ancient Roman legend, from Mount Sapo, where animals were sacrificed, leaving deposits of animal fat. Rain washed these deposits, along with wood ashes, down into the clay soil along the River Tiber. Women found that this mixture greatly reduced the effort required to wash their clothes.
an ancient Roman legend, 古罗马传说。legend /ˈledʒənd/ N-VAR 传说；传奇
animals were sacrificed, 动物被献祭。sacrificed /ˈsækrɪfaɪst/ [动词+名词短语] ~ sth (for sb/sth) 牺牲；献出
leaving deposits of animal fat, 留下动物脂肪沉积物。deposits /dɪˈpɒzɪts/ N-COUNT 沉淀物;沉积物
Rain washed these deposits, 雨水冲刷了这些沉积物。/wɒʃt/
the clay soil, 粘土 /kleɪ sɔɪl/
reduced the effort required to wash their clothes, 减少了洗衣服的工作量。effort /ˈefət/ [ C or U ] 气力;精力;努力
As Roman civilisation advanced, so did bathing. The first of the famous Roman baths, supplied with water from their aqueducts, was built about 312 BC. The baths were luxurious, and bathing became very popular. And by the second century AD, the Greek physician Galen recommended soap for both medicinal and cleansing purposes.
As Roman civilisation advanced, 随着罗马文明的进步。civilisation /ˌsɪvɪlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ N-UNCOUNT 文明;文明的生活
aqueducts, /ˈækwɪdʌkts/ N-COUNT 沟渠;导水管
The baths were luxurious, 浴室很豪华。baths /bɑːθs/ N-COUNT 澡堂；（附带泳池的）公共浴室 luxurious /lʌɡˈʒʊə.ri.əs/ 奢侈的，豪华的，奢华的
bathing became very popular, 洗澡变得非常流行 /ˈbɑːθɪŋ / VERB 洗澡；沐浴
the Greek physician, 希腊医生。physician /fɪˈzɪʃn/ N-COUNT （正式美国英语或过时英国英语中的）医生，内科医生
recommended soap for both medicinal and cleansing purposes, 推荐用于药用和清洁目的的肥皂。medicinal /məˈdɪsɪnl/ ADJ 有疗效的;药用的;治病的。cleansing /ˈklenzɪŋ/ adj.清洁用的
After the fall of Rome in 467 AD and the resulting decline in bathing habits, much of Europe felt the impact of filth on public health. This lack of personal cleanliness and related unsanitary living conditions were major factors in the outbreaks of disease in the Middle Ages, and especially the Black Death of the 14th century.
After the fall of Rome, 在罗马灭亡之后。/fɔːl/ /rəʊm/ 。fall （政权的）垮台；（经济的）崩溃；（城市、国家的）沦陷，灭亡。
the resulting decline in bathing habits, 随之而来的是洗澡习惯的衰落
filth, /fɪlθ/ N-UNCOUNT 肮脏;污秽;污物
public health, /ˈpʌblɪk helθ/ 公共卫生；公共卫生设施
related unsanitary living conditions, 相关的不卫生生活条件。unsanitary /ʌnˈsænətri/ ADJ-GRADED 脏的；不健康的
the outbreaks of disease, 疾病的爆发
the Black Death, /ðə blæk deθ/ 黑死病
Nevertheless, soapmaking became an established craft in Europe, and associations of soapmakers guarded their trade secrets closely. Vegetable and animal oils were used with ashes of plants, along with perfume, apparently for the first time. Gradually more varieties of soap became available for shaving and shampooing, as well as bathing and laundering.
soapmaking, / ˈsəʊpˌmeɪkɪŋ / 制皂
an established craft, 成熟的工艺。/ɪˈstæblɪʃt/ /krɑːft/
established, ①（因长期存在而）已确立的;被承认的;既定的 ②（因为优秀而）被认可的，著名的
associations of soapmakers, 肥皂制造商协会。associations /əˌsəʊsɪˈeɪʃ(ə)nz/ N-COUNT 团体；协会；社团
guarded their trade secrets, 保守他们的商业秘密。guarded /ˈɡɑːdɪd/ 保守（秘密）；遮掩 (NOT TELL)
Vegetable and animal oils, 植物油和动物油
along with perfume, 还有香水 / ˈpɜːfjuːm /
along with something, 除了某物或某人之外，还有其他的东西或其他人( in addition to someone or something else )
more varieties of soap, 更多种类的肥皂。varieties /vəˈraɪətiz/ N-COUNT 品种;种类
shaving and shampooing, 剃须和洗发 /ʃæmˈpuːɪŋ/ /ˈʃeɪvɪŋ/
shave and shampoo, 刮胡子和洗发 / ʃæmˈpuː / /ʃeɪv/
bathing and laundering, 洗澡和洗衣 /ˈlɔːndərɪŋ/
bath and launder, 洗澡和洗衣 /ˈlɔːndə(r)/
A major step toward large-scale commercial soap making occurred in 1791, when a French chemist, Nicholas Leblanc, patented a process for turning salt into soda ash, or sodium carbonate. Soda ash is the alkali obtained from ashes that combines with fat to form soap. The Leblanc process yielded quantities of good-quality, inexpensive soda ash.
A major step toward large-scale commercial soapmaking, 大规模商业肥皂制造迈出了重要一步。/ˌlɑːdʒ ˈskeɪl/ /kəˈmɜːʃl/
a French chemist, 法国化学家 /ˈkemɪst/
patented a process, 为一种工艺申请了专利。patented /ˈpætntɪd/ [动词+名词短语] 获得专利权 。process /ˈprəʊses , prəˈses/ 做事方法；工艺流程；工序
turning salt into soda ash, 把盐变成纯碱。soda ash /ˈsəʊdə æʃ/ 纯碱；苏打灰 /sɔːlt/
alkali, /ˈælkəlaɪ/ n.碱
obtained from ashes, 从灰烬中获得 /əbˈteɪnd/
combines with fat, 与脂肪结合 /kəmˈbaɪnz/
to form soap, 形成肥皂
yielded, / ˈjiːldɪd / VERB 产生（结果）；得出（信息）
quantities of, /ˈkwɒntɪtiz ɒv/ 大量的
good-quality，inexpensive soda ash, 质量好、价格便宜的纯碱
Modern soapmaking was born some 20 years later, in the early 19th century, with the discovery by Michel Eugène Chevreul, another French chemist, of the chemical nature and relationship of fats, glycerine and fatty acids. His studies established the basis for both fat and soap chemistry, and soapmaking became a science. Further developments during the 19th century made it easier and cheaper to manufacture soap.
the chemical nature, 化学性质/ˈkemɪkl/
established the basis for both fat and soap chemistry, 为脂肪和肥皂化学奠定了基础 chemistry /ˈkemɪstri/
Further developments, 进一步发展 /ˈfɜːðə(r)/
Until the 19th century, soap was regarded as a luxury item, and was heavily taxed in several countries. As it became more readily available, it became an everyday necessity, a development that was reinforced when the high tax was removed. Soap was then something ordinary people could afford, and cleanliness standards improved.
was heavily taxed in several countries, 在几个国家被征收重税。taxed /tækst/ VERB 对(人、公司或货物)征税
an everyday necessity, 日常必需品。/nəˈsesəti/ N-COUNT 必需品;必不可少的事物
a development that was reinforced, 得到加强的发展。reinforced/ˌriːɪnˈfɔːst/ VERB 加强;增强
the high tax was removed, 高税收被取消了。tax /tæks/ N-VAR 税;税款
ordinary people, /ˈɔːdnri ˈpiːpl/ 平常人
With this widespread use came the development of milder soaps for bathing and soaps for use in the washing machines that were available to consumers by the turn of the 20th century.
With this widespread use, 随着这种广泛使用。widespread /ˈwaɪdspred/ ADJ-GRADED 普遍的;广泛的
milder soaps, 较温和的肥皂/ˈmaɪldə/
by the turn of the 20th century, 到20世纪初。
the turn of something, 转变时期;转折点
came 这里是倒装，完整语序：with引导的伴随状语位于最前面，往往会倒装
- With this widespread use the development of milder soaps for bathing and soaps for use in the washing machines that were available to consumers by the turn of the 20th century came
with引导的伴随状语位于最前面，但是有逗号隔开，往往不会倒装
- With this widespread use , the development of milder soaps for bathing and soaps for use in the washing machines that were available to consumers by the turn of the 20th century came .
听力题目
Prehistoric times:
- water was used to wash off mud
Ancient Babylon:
- soap-like material found in clay cylinders
Ancient Greece:
- people cleaned themselves with sand and other substances
- used a strigil – scraper made of metal
- washed clothes in streams
Ancient Germany and Gaul:
- used soap to colour their hair
Ancient Rome:
- animal fat, ashes and clay mixed through action of rain, used for washing clothes
- from about 312 BC, water carried to Roman baths by aqueducts
Europe in Middle Ages:
- decline in bathing contributed to occurrence of diseases
- perfume began to be added to soap
Europe from 17th century:
- 1600s: cleanliness and bathing started becoming usual
- 1791: Leblanc invented a way of making soda ash from salt
- early 1800s: Chevreul turned soapmaking into a science
- from 1800s, there was no longer a tax on soap
colour their hair, 染发 colour /ˈkʌlə(r)/ 变色;给…着色;使成为…色 [ I or T ] (BECOME A COLOUR)
through action of rain, 通过雨的作用。action /ˈækʃn/ [不可数名词] ~ of sth (on sth)（一种物质或化学品对另一种所起的）作用
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