总结：Java后端开发知识点

Part One: Bankside Recruitment Agency

听力原文

AMBER: Hello William, this is Amber. You said to phone if I wanted to get more information about the job agency you mentioned. Is now a good time?

WILLIAM: Hi Amber, yes, fine. So, the agency I was talking about is called Bankside, they’re based in Docklands. I can tell you the address now, 497 Eastside.

You said to phone if … , 你说如果 ……，可以给你打电话

job agency, /dʒəʊb ˈeɪdʒənsi/ 职业介绍所；招聘中介。agency N-COUNT 经销；代理；经销店；代理公司

Is now a good time?, 现在你方便吗？

they’re based in Docklands, 他们总部在Docklands。base /beɪs/ [动词+名词短语] [usually passive] ~ sb/sth/yourself in… 以…为据点（或总部等）；把（总部等）设在。based /beɪst/。

AMBER: Ok, thanks. So, is there anyone in particular I should speak to there?

WILLIAM: The agent I always deal with is called Becky Jamison.

AMBER: Let me write that down. Becky…

WILLIAM: Jamison, J-A-M-I-E-S-O-N.

The agent I always deal with, 我经常与之打交道的代理人。deal with /diːl wɪð/ ①处理;应付 ② 与…打交道。agent /ˈeɪdʒənt/ N-COUNT 代理人;代理商

AMBER: Do you have her direct line?

WILLIAM: Yes, it’s in my contact somewhere. Right here. We are 07866 510333. I wouldn’t call her until the afternoon if I were you. She’s always really busy in the morning trying to fill last minute vacancies. She’s really helpful and friendly, so I’m sure it would be worth getting in touch with her for an informal chat.

direct line, 直线电话/dəˈrekt laɪn/

in my contact somewhere, 在我的通讯录中/在我的联系人中。contact /ˈkɒntækt/。

I wouldn’t call her until the afternoon, 我下午才给她打电话。连读：/hə(r)/ /ənˈtɪl/

trying to fill last minute vacancies, 试图填补最后一刻的空缺–> 总试图利用上每一分钟。vacancies /ˈveɪkənsiz/ minute /ˈmɪnɪt , maɪˈnjuːt/

helpful and friendly, 乐于助人且友好 /ˈhelpfl/ of a person 愿意帮忙的，乐于助人的。friendly /ˈfrendli/ ADJ-GRADED 友善的;友好的;好相处的

be worth getting in touch with her, 值得和她联系。get in touch with /ɡet ɪn tʌtʃ wɪð/ 和…联系

AMBER: It’s mainly clerical and admin jobs they deal with, isn’t it?

WILLIAM: That’s right. I know you’re hoping to find a full-time job in the media eventually. But Becky mostly recruits temporary staff for the finance sector, which will look good on your CV and generally pays better too.

clerical and admin jobs, 文书和行政工作。clerical /ˈklerɪkl/ ADJ 文书工作的;文职人员的。admin /ˈædmɪn/N-UNCOUNT 管理；经营

the media, N-SING-COLL 媒体，传播工具，传播媒介(如电视、广播、报纸和杂志等)/ˈmiːdiə/

recruits temporary staff, 招聘临时员工 recruits/rɪˈkruːts/。temporary /ˈtemprəri/

on your CV, 在你的简历上。CV n.履历，简历(全写为 curriculum vitae)。curriculum /kəˈrɪkjələm/ N-COUNT (学校、学院或大学的)全部课程。vitae /ˈviːtaɪ/。 vita /ˈviːtə/ 的复数 n.生命（存、活）

AMBER: Yeah, I’m just a bit worried because I don’t have much office experience.

WILLIAM: I wouldn’t worry. They’ll probably start you with a receptionist or something like that. So, what’s important for that kind of job isn’t so much having business skills or knowing lots of different computer systems. It’s communication that really matters. So, you’d be fine there and you’ll pick up office skills really quickly on the job. It’s not that complicated.

start you with a receptionist, 先让你做前台。receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/N-COUNT （宾馆前台的）接待员。

a receptionist or something like that, 前台或类似的工作 receptionist /rɪˈsepʃənɪst/N-COUNT （宾馆前台的）接待员。

It’s communication that really matters, 真正重要的是沟通。matter /ˈmæt.ər/ verb [ I ] 要紧，重要，有关系 to be important

pick up office skills, 学习办公技能

It’s not that complicated, 这并不复杂。complicated /ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/ adj.复杂的；难懂的

AMBER: Okay good. So how long do people generally need temporary staff for? It would be great if I could get something lasting at least a month.

WILLIAM: That shouldn’t be too difficult, but you’re more likely to be offered something for a week at first, which might get extended. It’s unusual to be sent somewhere for just a day or two.

how long do people generally need temporary staff for?, 人们通常需要临时员工多久？

It would be great if I could get something lasting at least a month, 如果我能让sth（工作）持续至少一个月，那就太好了。lasting /ˈlɑːstɪŋ/ 。last /lɑːst/ VERB 持续，延续，维持（一段时间）

might get extended, 可能会延长。extended /ɪkˈstendɪd/

AMBER: Right, I’ve heard the pay isn’t too bad, better than working in a shop or a restaurant.

WILLIAM: Oh yes, definitely. The hourly rate is about 10 pounds, 11 if you’re lucky.

AMBER: That’s pretty good. I was only expecting to get 8 or 9 pounds an hour.

the pay isn’t too bad, 薪水还不错

the hourly rate is about 10 pounds, 每小时的费用约为10英镑。hourly rate /ˈaʊəli reɪt/ 小时费率；每小时费用率

11 if you’re lucky, 如果幸运的话能有11英镑。

WILLIAM: Do you want me to tell you anything about the registration process?

AMBER: Yes, please. I know you have had an interview.

WILLIAM: The interview usually takes about an hour, and you should arrange that about a week in advance.

AMBER: I suppose I should dress smartly if it’s for office work. I can probably borrow a suit from mum.

WILLIAM: Good idea, it’s better to look too smart than too casual.

AMBER: Will I need to bring copies of my exam certificate or anything like that.

WILLIAM: No, they don’t need to see those, I don’t think.

AMBER: What about my passport?

WILLIAM: Oh yes, they will ask to see that.

AMBER: Ok.

have had an interview, 已经面试过了

dress smartly, 梳妆打扮，穿得得体一点/dres ˈsmɑːtli/

borrow a suit, 借一套西装 /ə suːt/

it’s better to look too smart than too casual, 穿得太正式总比太随便好。smart ADJ-GRADED 外表整洁的。casual /ˈkæʒuəl/ ADJ-GRADED (服装)休闲的，便装的。

bring copies of my exam certificate, 带上我的成绩合格证书的复印件。certificate noun [ C ] /səˈtɪf.ɪ.kət/ ①成绩合格证书;毕业证书 the qualification that you receive when you are successful in an exam；② an official document that states that the information on it is true 证书;证明。

they will ask to see that, 他们会要求看

WILLIAM: I wouldn’t get stressed about the interview there. It’s just a chance for them to build relationship with you. So, they can try and match you to a job which you like.So, there are questions about personality that they always ask candidates, fairly basic ones. And they probably won’t ask anything too difficult like what your plans are for the future.

AMBER: Oh, hope not.

get stressed about the interview there, 因为面试而感到压力。stressed /strest/。interview /ˈɪntəvjuː/

a chance for them to build relationship with you, 他们与你建立关系的一个机会。chance /tʃɑːns/

try and match you to a job which you like, 试着给你找一份你喜欢的工作

fairly basic ones, 相当基本的一个（问题）fairly /ˈfeəli/。

personality, N-VAR 个性；性格 /ˌpɜːsəˈnæləti/

candidates, /ˈkændɪdɪts/N-COUNT 候选人;求职者 candidate的复数

WILLIAM: Anyway, there are lots of benefits to using an agency. For example, the interview will be useful because they’ll give you feedback on your performance, so you can improve next time.

AMBER: And they’ll have access to jobs which aren’t advertised.

WILLIAM: Exactly, most temporary jobs aren’t advertised.

AMBER: And I expect finding a temporary job this way takes a lot less time. It’s much easier than bringing up individual company.

WILLIAM: Yes, indeed. Well, I think I’ve covered everything…

they’ll have access to jobs, 他们可以获得工作机会。have access to /hæv ˈækses tu/ 查阅（或使用）的机会（或权利） If you have access to something such as information or equipment， you have the opportunity or right to see it or use it.

have access to a lawyer, 有机会见到律师 /hæv ˈækses tu/ 。 N-UNCOUNT 接近（或面见）的机会（或权利） If you have access to a person, you have the opportunity or right to see them or meet them.

have access to the farmhouse, 可以进入农舍/hæv ˈækses tu/ 。 N-UNCOUNT 进入（权）；通道;入径 If you have access to a building or other place，you are able or allowed to go into it.

jobs which aren’t advertised, 没有公开招聘的工作机会。advertised /ˈædvətaɪzd/ ①VERB （在报纸、电视、公告栏上）登广告招募，登广告征求 ② VERB 为…做广告;宣传

takes a lot less time, 花费的时间要少得多。

ringing up individual company, 致电个别公司。ringing /ˈrɪŋɪŋ/ ring的现在分词。ring VERB /rɪŋ/ 给…打电话 ~ sb/sth (up) 。individual /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl/ ADJ 个别的;单独的

听力题目

Bankside Recruitment Agency

• Address of agency: 497 Eastside, Docklands

• Name of agent：Becky Jamieson

• Phone number: 07866 510333

• Best to call her in the afternoon

• Typical jobs

  • Clerical and admin roles, mainly in the finance industry
  • Must have good communication skills
  • Jobs are usually for at least one week
  • Pay is usually £ 10 per hour

• Registration process

  • Wear a suit to the interview
  • Must bring your passport to the interview
  • They will ask questions about each applicant’s personality

• Advantages of using an agency

  • The feedback you receive at interview will benefit you
  • Will get access to vacancies which are not advertised
  • Less time is involved in applying for jobs

get access to vacancies, 获得空缺的职位。vacancies /ˈveɪkənsiz/ N-COUNT （工作或职位的）空缺。have access to /hæv ˈækses tu/ 查阅（或使用）的机会（或权利） If you have access to something such as information or equipment， you have the opportunity or right to see it or use it.

Less time is involved in applying for jobs, 申请工作所需的时间更少。sth. be involved (in/with sth/sb) ：giving a lot of time or attention to sb/sth 耗费很多时间/关注

I was so involved in my book, 我全神贯注在看书 sth. be involved (in/with sth/sb) ：giving a lot of time or attention to sb/sth 耗费很多时间/关注

Part Two: Matthews Island Holidays

听力原文

Good morning, my name is Erica Matthews and I’m the owner of Matthews Island Holidays, a company set up by my parents. Thank you for coming to this presentation, in which I hope to interest you in what we have to offer. We’re a small family-run company, and we believe in the importance of the personal touch, so we don’t aim to compete with other companies on the number of customers. What we do is build on our many years’ experience more than almost any other rail holiday company to ensure we provide perfect holidays and a small number of destinations which we’ve got to know extremely well.

interest you in what we have to offer, 使你对我们所提供的（服务/商品）感兴趣

a small family-run company, 一家小型家族企业。family-run 家庭经营的

personal touch, 人与人之间的接触 –> 人情味，人文关怀。录音读的是/tətʃ/

What we do is build on our many years’ experience, 我们所做的是建立在我们多年的经验。这里省略的to：is to build on。在英语中，当 is 作为系动词时 后接不定式，同可以省略。“build on”并没有用错。它的意思是“以……为基础”或“在……基础上发展”

rail holiday company, 铁路假日公司。这类公司通常会设计并销售基于铁路旅行的度假产品，包括火车旅行、观光、住宿和其他相关服务

we’ve got to know extremely well, 我们必须非常清楚。have got to /hæv ɡɒt tu/ 必须（美国英语的非正式语体中have有时可省略）

I’ll start with our 6-day Isle of Man holiday. This is a fascinating island in the Irish sea, with Wales to the south, England to the east, Scotland to the north, and Northern Ireland to the west. Our holiday starts in Hashim, where your tour manager will meet you, then you’ll travel by ferry to the Isle of Man.Some people prefer to fly from Luton instead and another popular option is to go by train to Liverpool and take a ferry from there. You have 5 nights in the hotel and the price covers 5 breakfast and dinners and lunch on the 3 days when there are organized trips. Day 4 is free and most people have lunch in a cafe or restaurant in Douglas. The price of the holiday includes the ferry to the Isle of Man, all travel on the island, the hotel and the meals I’ve mentioned.
Incidentally, we tried to make booking our holidays as simple and fair as possible. So, unlike with many companies, the price is the same whether you book six months in advance or at the last minute. And there’s no supplement for single rooms in hotels. If you make a booking, then need to change the start date, for example because of illness. You’re welcome to change to an alternative date to a different tour, for a small administrative fee.

the Irish sea, 爱尔兰海。Irish /ˈaɪrɪʃ/ adj.爱尔兰的；爱尔兰人的；爱尔兰语的。n.爱尔兰人；爱尔兰语；爱尔兰盖尔语

with Wales to the south, England to the east, Scotland to the north, and Northern Ireland to the west, 南接威尔士，东有英格兰，北接苏格兰，西有爱尔兰

travel by ferry to the Isle of Man, 坐轮渡去马恩岛。ferry /ˈferi/ N-COUNT 渡船;渡轮

fly from Luton, 从卢顿坐飞机

to go by train to Liverpool, 坐火车去利物浦

take a ferry from there, 从那里坐轮渡

the price covers 5 breakfast and dinners, 价格包括5顿早餐和晚餐

the price covers lunch on the 3 days when there are organized trips, 价格包括3天午餐，当有组织旅行的时候。organized 英/ˈɔːɡənaɪzd/ ADJ 有组织的。

Day 4 is free, 第四天是自由活动日

have lunch in a cafe, 在咖啡馆吃午饭

The price of the holiday includes the ferry to the Isle of Man, 度假的费用包括去马恩岛的渡船费用

the meals I’ve mentioned, 我提到的饭菜（的费用）。meals /miːlz/。 meal N-COUNT 一餐;一顿饭

as simple and fair as possible, 尽可能简单和公平。fair /feə(r)/ 公平的

Incidentally, /ˌɪnsɪˈdentli/（引出新话题、附加信息、或临时想到的问题）顺便提一句

the price is the same whether you book six months in advance or at the last minute, 无论你提前6个月预订还是在最后一刻预订，价格都是一样的。whether /ˈweðə(r)/ 。whether - or ：引导让步状语从句。意为“无论……还是……”。

supplement for single rooms, 单人房附加费。supplement /ˈsʌp.lɪ.mənt/ ①VERB 增补;补充 ②N-COUNT 额外费用;附加费

make a booking, 预订

change the start date, 更改开始日期

illness, /ˈɪlnəs/ N-UNCOUNT 疾病;患病(期)

change alternative date to a different tour,更改到另一个日期跟别的团

administrative fee, 管理费 /ədˈmɪnɪstrətɪv fiː/

Okay, so what does the holiday consist of?

Well on Day 1, you’ll arrive in time for a short introduction by your tour manager, followed by dinner in the hotel. The dining room looks out at the river close to where it flows into the harbour, and there’s usually plenty of activity going on.

tour manager, /tʊə(r) ˈmænɪdʒə(r)/ 旅游经理；旅游管理者

The dining room looks out at the river, 餐厅面向河流。dining room /ˈdaɪnɪŋ ruːm/ 餐厅。dining /ˈdaɪnɪŋ/ dine的现在分词，VERB 进餐;用餐;吃饭。looks out at /lʊks aʊt ət/ 。Look out means the same as look。river /ˈrɪvə(r)/ 。

the river close to where it flows into the harbour, 靠近流入港口的河流。where引导宾语从句。flows /fləʊz/ VERB 流动;流向。harbour /ˈhɑːbə(r)/ N-COUNT; N-IN-NAMES 海港;港口;港湾

there’s usually plenty of activity going on, 通常有很多活动在进行。“going on”作为现在分词短语，在句子中充当后置定语，修饰“activity”，表示“正在进行”或“持续发生”

On Day 2, you’ll take the coach to the small town of peel, on the way calling in at the Tynwald Exhibition. The Isle of Man isn’t part of the United Kingdom, and it has its own parliament called Tynwald. It’s claimed that this is the world’s oldest parliament that’s still functioning and that it dates back to 979. However, the earliest surviving reference to it is from 1422. So perhaps it isn’t quite as old as it claims.

take the coach to the small town, 坐长途汽车去小镇。coach /kəʊtʃ/ [可数名词] (英国英语)长途汽车；长途客车

the small town of Peel, Peel小镇

on the way calling in at the Tynwald Exhibition, 在路上，短暂拜访 Tynwald 展览。on the way 在路上；在旅行中。call in /ˈkɔːl ɪn/ ①PHRASAL VERB 请来;找来。call sb in=call in sb。② PHRASAL VERB 顺路拜访;顺道走访 call in somewhere=make a short visit。Exhibition/ˌeksɪˈbɪʃn/。

parliament called Tynwald, 叫做廷瓦尔德的议会。parliament /ˈpɑːləmənt/ N-COUNT; N-PROPER 议会；国会

It’s claimed that, 据说。claimed /kleɪmd/VERB 声称;断言

the world’s oldest parliament, 世界上最古老的议会。parliament /ˈpɑːləmənt/

parliament that’s still functioning, 仍在运作的议会。parliament /ˈpɑːləmənt/ 。functioning /ˈfʌŋkʃnɪŋ/ function的现在分词。function VERB 工作;运转;运行

the earliest surviving reference to it, 现存最早的关于它的文献。surviving /səˈvaɪvɪŋ/ 幸存的，残存的。 reference：Reference to someone or something is the act of talking about them or mentioning them. A reference is a particular example of this. 在这里可以引申为 文献。

it isn’t quite as old as it claims, 它并不像它所宣称的那么古老

Day 3, we have a trip to the Mountain Snaefell. This begins with a leisurely ride along the promenade in Douglas in a horse-drawn tram. Then you bought an electric train which takes you to the fishing village of Laxey. From there it’s an 8km ride in the Snaefell Mountain Railway to the top. Lunch will be in a cafe giving you spectacular views of the island.

a leisurely ride along the promenade, 沿着长廊悠闲地骑行。leisurely /ˈleʒəli/ ADJ-GRADED 悠闲的；从容的；慢悠悠的。 promenade /ˌprɒməˈnɑːd/ 散步场所;（尤指）海滨散步道

in a horse-drawn tram, 在马车里。horse-drawn /ˈhɔːs drɔːn/ ADJ （车）马拉的。tram /træm/ 有轨电车

board an electric train, 登上电动火车。board /bɔːd/ VERB 上，登上（火车、轮船或飞机）。electric train /ɪˈlektrɪk treɪn/

it’s an 8km ride to the top, 到达山顶需要8公里。it’s an 8km ride 这是8公里的路程。ride /raɪd/noun [ C ] （骑马、骑车或乘坐车辆的）旅行，行程

spectacular views, 壮观的景色。 spectacular /spekˈtækjələ(r)/。ADJ-GRADED 引人注目的;惊人的;壮观的

Day 4 is free for you to explore, using the pass which will give you, so you won’t have to pay for travel on local transport or for entrance to the island’s heritage sites. Or you might just want to take it easy in Douglas and perhaps do a little light shopping.

using the pass, 使用这张通行证。pass 通行证；车票；乘车证

pay for travel on local transport, 支付当地交通费用。travel

pay for entrance to the island’s heritage sites, 支付进入该岛遗产地的费用。entrance /ˈen.trəns/ N-UNCOUNT 进入许可;进入权 （+ to）。heritage sites /ˈherɪtɪdʒ saɪts/ 遗址；遗产地。heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/ [通常用单数形式] 遗产（指国家或社会长期形成的历史、传统和特色）

take it easy in Douglas, 在道格拉斯放松一下。take it easy /teɪk ɪt ˈiːzi/ to relax and not use too much energy 不拼命工作;放松;休息

light shopping, 轻松的购物。light /laɪt/

The last full day, Day 5, is for some people the highlight of the holiday, with a ride on the steam railway from Douglas to port Erin. After some time to explore, a coach will take you to the headland that overlooks the Calf of Man, a small island just off the coast. From there, you continue to Castletown, which used to be the capital of the Isle of Man, and its medieval castle.

The last full day, 最后一整天。full /fʊl/ ADJ (置于名词前)所有的，全部的

the highlight of the holiday, 假期的亮点

a ride on the steam railway, 乘坐蒸汽火车

the headland that overlooks the Calf of Man, 俯瞰着the Calf of Man的岬角。headland /ˈhed.lənd/ 海角，陆岬

a small island just off the coast, 在海面上的一个小岛。off the coast 在海面上。

continue to castle town, 继续去到Castletown

capital, /ˈkæpɪtl/ N-COUNT 首都;首府

medieval castle, 中世纪城堡 /ˌmediˈiːvl ˈkɑːsl/。medieval /ˌmediˈiːvl/ ADJ 中世纪的(指公元476年西罗马帝国灭亡至公元1500年左右这段时期)

And on Day 6, it’s back to the ferry - or the airport, if you flew to the island - and time to go home.

Now I’d like to tell you a bit more…

ferry or the airport, 渡轮或者机场

听力题目

According to the speaker, the company

• A. has been in business for longer than most of its competitors.
• B. arranges holidays to more destinations than its competitors.
• C. has more customers than its competitors.

Where can customers meet the tour manager before travelling to the Isle of Man?

• A. Liverpool
• B. Heysham
• C. Luton

How many lunches are included in the price of the holiday?

• A. three
• B. four
• C. five

Customers have to pay extra for

• A. guaranteeing themselves a larger room.
• B. booking at short notice.
• C. transferring to another date.

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Timetable for Isle of Man holiday

	Activity	Notes
Day 1	Arrive	Introduction by manager Hotel dining room has view of the river
Day 2	Tynwald Exhibition and Peel	Tynwald Exhibition and Peel Tynwald may have been founded in 1422 not 979.
Day 3	Trip to Snaefell	Travel along promenade in a tram; train to Laxey; train to the top of Snaefell
Day 4	Free day	Company provides a pass for local transport and heritage sites.
Day 5	Take the steam railway train from Douglas to Port Erin	Free time, then coach to Castletown – former capital has old castle.
Day 6	Leave	Leave the island by ferry or plane

Part Three : Personality

听力原文

Ruth: Ed, how are you getting on with the reading for our presentation next week?

Ed: Well, okay Ruth, but there’s so much of it.

Ruth: I know. I hadn’t realized birth order was such a popular area of research.

Ed: But the stuff on birth order and personality is mostly unreliable. From what I’ve been reading, a lot of the claims about how you position in the family determines certain personality traits are just stereotypes, with no robust evidence to support them.

there’s so much of it, 实在太多了

birth order, /bɜːθ ˈɔːdə(r)/ 出生顺序

such a popular area of research, 如此受欢迎的研究领域。area /ˈeəriə/

unreliable, 英/ˌʌnrɪˈlaɪəbl/ 不可靠的；不能信赖的

determines certain personality traits, 决定某些性格特征。determines /dɪˈtɜːmɪnz/。personality traits /ˌpɜːsəˈnæləti treɪts/。 personality N-VAR 个性；性格；trait N-COUNT 特征;特点;特性

stereotypes, /ˈsteriətaɪps/ N-COUNT 模式化的形象(或特征);固定模式;刻板印象;陈规老套

robust evidence, 有力的证据。robust /rəʊˈbʌst/ ADJ-GRADED (观点等)强烈的，坚定的，坚决的

Ruth: Okay, but that’s an interesting point. We could start by outlining what previous research has shown. There are studies going back over 100 years.

Ed: Yeah, so we could just run through some of the typical traits, like the consensus seems to be that oldest children are generally less well-adjusted because they never get over the arrival of a younger sibling.

outlining what previous research has shown, 概述了之前的研究结果。outlining /ˈaʊtlaɪnɪŋ/ VERB 概述；概括。 previous /ˈpriːviəs/ 先前的；以往的。shown /ʃəʊn/ 。

run through something, to look at， examine，or deal with a set of things， especially quickly （尤指快速）过目，浏览;检查;处理

typical traits, 典型特征 /ˈtɪpɪkl/ /treɪts/

the consensus seems to be that, 共识似乎是… 。consensus /kənˈsensəs/ N-SING 一致看法;共识

are generally less well-adjusted, 通常不能很好的适应环境。well-adjusted /ˌwel əˈdʒʌstɪd/ ADJ 完全适应环境的

a younger sibling, 弟弟妹妹。sibling /ˈsɪblɪŋ/ N-COUNT 兄弟姐妹

get over the arrival of a younger sibling, 克服弟弟妹妹的到来。get over /ɡet ˈəʊvə(r)/ PHRASAL VERB 克服，战胜（问题、困难）。 sibling /ˈsɪblɪŋ/ 。

Ruth: Right, but on a positive note, some studies claim that they were thought to be good at nurturing. Certainly in the past, when people had large families, they would have been expected to look after the younger ones.

Ed: There isn’t such a clear picture for middle children, but one trait that a lot of the studies mention is that they are easier to get on with an older or younger siblings.

Ruth: Mm, generally eager to please and helpful, although that certainly not accurate as far as my family goes, my middle brother was a nightmare, always causing fights and envious of whatever I had.

on a positive note, 从积极方面看。

be good at nurturing, 擅长于养育幼儿。nurturing /ˈnɜːtʃərɪŋ/ nurture的现在分词。nurture /ˈnɜːtʃə(r)/ VERB 养育;培育

get on with an older or younger siblings, 与年长或年幼的兄弟姐妹相处。sibling /ˈsɪblɪŋ/ 。

generally eager to please and helpful, 一般来说（他们）会渴望去取悦别人，乐于助人。 eager /ˈiːɡə(r)/ 热切的；渴望的；渴求的 ~ (for sth/to do sth) 。please /pliːz/ VERB 使高兴；使喜欢；使满意。helpful of a person 人愿意帮忙的。

as far as my family goes, 就我的家人而言。as far as 就…而言。

nightmare, /ˈnaɪtmeə(r)/ N-COUNT 恶梦;噩梦;梦魇

causing fights, 引起争吵。fights /faɪts/ ①[可数名词] ~ (with sb/sth) | ~ (between A and B)搏斗；打斗；打架。②[可数名词] ~ (with sb) | ~ (over/about sth) (especially 北美英语)争论；争吵

envious of whatever I had, 嫉妒我所拥有的一切。envious /ˈenviəs/ ADJ-GRADED 嫉妒的;羡慕的~ (of sb/sth)

Ed: As I said, none of these seems to relate to my own experience. I’m the youngest in my family and I don’t recognize myself in any of the studies I’ve read about. I’m supposed to have been a sociable and confident child who made friends easily, but I was actually terribly shy.

none of these seems to relate to my own experience, 这些似乎都与我自己的经历无关。relate /rɪˈleɪt/ VERB 涉及;关于。relate to sth/sb 涉及；与…相关；谈到

I don’t recognize myself in any of the studies I’ve read about, 在我读过的任何一项研究中，我都不认识自己。recognize /ˈrekəɡnaɪz/ VERB 认识;认出

a sociable and confident child, 一个善于交际、自信的孩子。

terribly shy, 非常害羞。/ˈterəbli ʃaɪ/。terribly (especially 英国英语)非常；很

Ruth: Really, that’s funny. There have been hundreds of studies on twins, but mostly about nurture versus nature.

Ed: There was one on personality which said that a twin is likely to be quite shy in social situations, because they always have their twin around to depend on for support.

Ruth: My cousins were like that when they were small - they were only interested in each other and found it hard to engage with other kids. They’re fine now though.

twins, /twɪnz/ N-COUNT 双胞胎之一;孪生儿之一

nurture versus nature, 后天与先天的对比作用。versus /ˈvɜːsəs/ ①PREP 与…相对;与…相比 ② PREP （体育比赛中）与…对阵，与…竞争。nurture /ˈnɜːtʃə(r)/ N-UNCOUNT 教育;教养;培养

a twin is likely to be quite shy in social situations, 双胞胎在社交场合很可能很害羞

have their twin around to depend on for support, 让他们的双胞胎在身边依靠支持

cousins, /ˈkʌznz/ N-COUNT 同辈表亲(或堂亲);堂兄弟(或姐妹);表兄弟(或姐妹)

found it hard to engage with other kids, 很难和其他小朋友玩在一起。engage /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/ [单独使用的动词] ~ (with sth/sb) 与…建立密切关系

They’re fine now though, 但是现在好了

Ed: Only children have had a really bad press. A lot of studies of branded them as loners who think the world revolves around them because they’ve never had to fight for their parents’ attention.

only children, 独生子女。

had a really bad press, 有非常糟糕的评价。press /pres/ 。get/have a bad press： PHRASE （尤指在报纸、电视或广播上）受到批评/得到好评

branded them as loners, 将他们称为孤独者。branded /ˈbrændɪd/ brand的过去分词和过去式。brand /brænd/ ~ sb (as) sth （尤指不公正地）丑化（某人），败坏（某人）名声。loners /ˈləʊnəz/ N-COUNT 孤僻的人；不合群的人

the world revolves around them, 世界围绕着他们转。revolves /rɪˈvɒlvz/ VERB 围绕…旋转（around ）。

Ruth: That does seem a bit harsh. One category I hadn’t considered before was children with much older siblings - a couple of studies mention that these children grow up more quickly and are expected to do basic things for themselves - like getting dressed.

Ed: I can see how that might be true - although I expect they’re sometimes the exact opposite - playing the baby role and clamoring for special treatment.

That does seem a bit harsh, 这看起来确实有点苛刻。harsh /hɑːʃ/ ADJ-GRADED （言行）严厉的，无情的

grow up more quickly, 更快地成长。grow up /ɡrəʊ ʌp/ PHRASAL VERB 长大成人；成熟

are expected to do basic things for themselves, 被期望为自己做一些基本的事情。expected /ɪkˈspektɪd/。

getting dressed, 穿好衣服

I can see how that might be true, 我明白这可能是真的

playing the baby role, 扮演婴儿角色

clamoring for special treatment, 要求特殊待遇。clamoring /ˈklæmərɪŋ/ clamor的现在分词。clamor /‘klæmə(r)/ verb [ I ] 大声（或吵闹）地抱怨，大声地要求 to make a loud complaint or demand

the exact opposite, 恰恰相反。exact /ɪɡˈzækt/ ADJ （用于名词前表强调）刚好的，确切的。opposite /ˈɒpəzɪt/ ADJ （同一类事物）截然相反的，全然不同的。N-COUNT 对立物；对立面

Ruth: What was the problem with most of these studies, do you think?

Ed: I think it was because in a lot of cases data was collected from only one sibling per family, who rated him or herself and his or her siblings at the same time.

Ruth: Mm, some of the old research into the relationship between birth order and academic achievement has been proved to be accurate though. Performances in intelligence tests declined slightly from the eldest child to his or her younger siblings. This has been proved in lots of recent studies.

Ed: Yes, although what many of them didn’t take into consideration was family size. The more siblings there are, the likelier the family is to have a low socioeconomic status - which can also account for differences between siblings in academic performance.

Ruth: The oldest boy might be given more opportunities than his younger sisters, for example.

Ed: Exactly.

data was collected from only one sibling per family, 从每个家庭中选一个小孩，来收集数据

rated him or herself and his or her siblings at the same time, 同时评价他或她自己和他或她的兄弟姐妹。rated /ˈreɪtɪd/ V-ERG 评价;评级;评定

research into the relationship between birth order and academic achievement, 出生顺序与学业成绩关系研究。relationship /rɪˈleɪʃnʃɪp/ 。 academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/。 academic achievement /ˌækəˈdemɪk əˈtʃiːvmənt/ 学术成就

Performances in intelligence tests declined slightly from the eldest child to his or her younger siblings, 在智商测试中的成绩会随着出生顺序的先后而稍微下降。 slightly /ˈslaɪtli/。

take something into consideration, 考虑一些事情

account for differences between siblings in academic performance, 解释兄弟姐妹在学业表现上的差异。account for /əˈkaʊnt fɔː(r)/ PHRASAL VERB 导致；解释

Ruth: But the main reason for the marginally higher academic performance of oldest children is quite surprising, I think. It’s not only that they benefit intellectually from extra attention at a young age, which is what I would have expected. It’s that they benefit from being teachers for their younger siblings by verbalizing processes.

Ed: Right. And this gives them status and confidence, which again contributes, in a small way, to better performance. So would you say sibling rivalry has been a useful thing for you？

marginally higher academic performance, 略高的学习成绩。marginally /ˈmɑːdʒɪnəli/ ADV 略微;稍微

they benefit intellectually, 他们在智力上受益。benefit /ˈbenɪfɪt/ 得益，受惠 （~ from sth）

they benefit from being teachers, 他们从当老师中受益。

by verbalizing processes, 通过语言化过程。verbalizing /ˈvɜːbəlaɪzɪŋ/ VERB 用言语表达;用文字描述

gives them status and confidence, 给予他们地位和信心。status /ˈsteɪtəs/ N-UNCOUNT (在公众或某一团体中的)威望，地位,身份

again contributes to better performance, 又一次促使他们表现得更好。contributes to /kənˈtrɪbjuːts tu/ VERB 促成;促使；是导致…的原因之一。

in a way, 在某种程度上

in a small way, 在一定（很小）程度上

sibling rivalry, 兄弟姐妹竞争 /ˈsɪblɪŋ ˈraɪvlri/。 rivalry /ˈraɪvlri/ N-VAR 竞争;敌对

Ruth: I think so. My younger brother was incredibly annoying and we fought a lot, but I think this has made me a stronger person. I know how to defend myself. We had some terrible arguments and I would have died rather than apologize to him, but we had to put up with each other. And most of the time we coexisted amicably enough.

Ed: Yes, my situation was pretty similar, but I don’t think having two older brothers made me any less selfish. I was never prepared to let my brothers use any of my stuff.

Ed: That’s perfectly normal, whereas some time …

was incredibly annoying, 非常烦人。incredibly /ɪnˈkredəbli/ 极端地；极其 extremely。annoying /əˈnɔɪɪŋ/ ADJ-GRADED 令人生气的；令人厌烦的。

made me a stronger person, 让我变得更坚强。stronger /ˈstrɒŋgə/

defend myself, /dɪˈfend maɪˈself/ 自卫，捍卫自己。defend VERB 防御;保卫;保护

some terrible arguments, 一些可怕的争论。terrible /ˈterəbl/ ADJ-GRADED 非常严重的;骇人的;糟糕的

I would have died rather than apologize to him, 我宁愿死也不愿向他道歉。apologize /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/ [单独使用的动词] ~ (to sb) (for sth) 道歉；谢罪。

put up with each other, 互相容忍。put up with /pʊt ʌp wɪð/ 忍受，容忍。each other /ˌiːtʃ ˈʌðə(r)/ （用作动词或介词的宾语）互相，彼此

made me any less selfish, 让我变得不那么自私了

That’s perfectly normal, 这很正常。perfectly /ˈpɜːfɪktli/ 完全地；非常；十分

听力题目

Position in family

• the eldest child：G. caring

• a middle child：F. co-operative

• the youngest child：A. outgoing

• a twin：E. introverted

• an only child：B. selfish

• a child with much older siblings：C. independent

• D. attention-seeking

• H. competitive

caring, /ˈkeərɪŋ/ ADJ-GRADED 关怀体贴的;关心照顾的；有同情心的

co-operative, /kəʊˈɒpərətɪv/ ADJ-GRADED 合作的;有协作精神的;愿意配合的

outgoing, /ˈaʊtɡəʊɪŋ/ ADJ-GRADED 外向的；友好的；喜欢交际的

introverted, /ˈɪntrəvɜːtɪd/ 内向的；不喜欢交往的

selfish, /ˈselfɪʃ/ 自私的

independent, 独立的 /ˌɪndɪˈpendənt/

attention-seeking, 寻求关注的

competitive, of a person 人努力竞争的；一心求胜的

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What do the speakers say about the evidence relating to birth order and academic success?

• A. There is conflicting evidence about whether oldest children perform best in intelligence tests.
• B. There is little doubt that birth order has less influence on academic achievement than socio-economic status.
• C. Some studies have neglected to include important factors such as family size.

the evidence relating to birth order and academic success, 关于出生顺序和学业成功的证据。academic success /ˌækəˈdemɪk səkˈses/ 。academic /ˌækəˈdemɪk/ 学术的

intelligence tests, 智力测验 /ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns tests/ intelligence /ɪnˈtelɪdʒəns/ N-UNCOUNT 智力;智能

conflicting evidence, 冲突的证据，矛盾的证据。/kənˈflɪktɪŋ ˈevɪdəns/。

socio-economic status, 社会经济状况；社会经济地位/ˌsəʊsɪəʊ ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ˈsteɪtəs/

neglected to include important factors, 忽略了重要因素。neglected /nɪˈɡlektɪd/ VERB 忽视;忽略;疏于照看。

family size, /ˈfæməli saɪz/ 家庭大小

What does Ruth think is surprising about the difference in oldest children’s academic performance?

• A. It is mainly thanks to their roles as teachers for their younger siblings.
• B. The advantages they have only lead to a slightly higher level of achievement.
• C. The extra parental attention they receive at a young age makes little difference.

It is mainly thanks to their roles as teachers, 这主要归功于他们作为教师的角色。thanks to /θæŋks tu/ 幸亏;归因于。

teachers for their younger siblings, 为弟弟妹妹当老师

extra parental attention, 父母的额外关注。parental /pəˈrentl/ ADJ 父母的；父的；母的；家长的

at a young age, /æt ə jʌŋ eɪdʒ/ 在很小的时候

made a difference in my life, 对我的生活产生了影响。made a difference 起（重要）作用；有影响

makes little difference, 没有产生影响。

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Which TWO experiences of sibling rivalry do the speakers agree has been valuable for them?

• A. learning to share
• B. learning to stand up for oneself
• C. learning to be a good loser
• D. learning to be tolerant
• E. learning to say sorry

learning to share, 学会分享

learning to stand up for oneself, 学会为自己挺身而出

learning to be a good loser, 学会做一个好失败者

learning to be tolerant, 学会宽容

learning to say sorry, 学会说对不起

Part Four：The Eucalyptus Tree in Australia

听力原文

Today I’m going to talk about the eucalyptus tree, this is a very common tree here in Australia, where it’s also sometimes called the gum tree. First, I’m going to talk about why it’s important, then I’m going to describe some problems it faces at present.

eucalyptus, /ˌjuːkəˈlɪptəs/ 桉树(尤产于澳大拉西亚)

gum tree, /ˈɡʌm triː/ n.桉树；树胶树

gum, /ɡʌm/ N-MASS 树胶；树脂，口香糖

Right. Well, the eucalyptus tree is an important tree for lots of reasons. For example, it gives shelter to creatures like birds and bats, [Q31] and these and other species also depend on it for food, particularly the nectar from its flowers. So, it supports biodiversity. It’s useful to us humans too, because we can kill germs with a disinfectant made from oil extracted from eucalyptus leaves. [Q32]

gives shelter to creatures, 为生物提供庇护。shelter /ˈʃeltə(r)/ (躲避恶劣天气或危险的)遮蔽物，庇护处，掩体

birds and bats, 鸟类和蝙蝠

the nectar from its flowers, 花朵的花蜜。nectar /ˈnektə(r)/ N-UNCOUNT 花蜜

it supports biodiversity, 它支持生物多样性。biodiversity /ˌbaɪəʊdaɪˈvɜːsəti/ N-UNCOUNT 生物多样性

kill germs with a disinfectant, 用消毒剂杀死细菌。germs /dʒɜːmz/ N-COUNT 细菌；病菌。disinfectant/ˌdɪsɪnˈfektənt/ N-MASS 消毒剂

a disinfectant made from oil, 由油制成的消毒剂。disinfectant/ˌdɪsɪnˈfektənt/ N-MASS 消毒剂

oil extracted from eucalyptus leaves, 由桉树叶中所提取的精油 。 extracted /ɪkˈstræktɪd/ VERB 提取;提炼;挖掘。 leaves/liːvz/ leaf的复数 。leaf /liːf/ N-COUNT 树叶；叶子

The eucalyptus grows all over Australia and the trees can live for up to 400 years. So, it’s alarming that all across the country numbers of eucalyptus are falling because the trees are dying off prematurely. So, what is the reasons for this?

grows all over Australia, 生长在澳大利亚各地。grows /ɡrəʊz/。all over /ˈɔːl əʊvə(r)/ 到处，遍及。Australia /ɒˈstreɪliə/

live for up to 400 years, 寿命长达400年。live /lɪv/ [VI] 生存；活着

alarming, /əˈlɑːmɪŋ/ ADJ-GRADED 使人惊恐的；令人忧虑的；让人担心的

all across the country, 全国各地。across prep. 在…各处；遍及 in every part of a place，group of people

across all sections of the community, 社群所有阶层 。 across prep. 在…各处；遍及 in every part of a place，group of people

are falling, 正在下降/减少。falling/ˈfɔːlɪŋ/。

are dying off prematurely, 过早死亡。prematurely / ˌpreməˈtʃʊəli / adv.过早地。dying /ˈdaɪɪŋ/die的现在分词。 die off /daɪ ɒf/ == die out /daɪ aʊt/ become extinct 逐渐消亡;灭绝;绝种

die off, 逐渐消亡;灭绝;绝种

die out, 逐渐消亡;灭绝;绝种

premature, /ˈpremətʃə(r)/ ADJ-GRADED 过早的；太早的；提前的

One possible reason is disease. As far back as the 1970s, the trees started getting a disease called Mundulla Yellows, the trees leaves would gradually turn yellow, then the tree would die. It wasn’t until 2004 that they found the cause of the problem was lime or calcium hydroxide, to give it its proper chemical name, which was being used in the construction of roads. [Q33] The lime was being washed away into the ground and affecting the roots of the eucalyptus trees nearby. What it was doing was preventing the trees from sucking up the iron they needed for healthy growth. When this was injected back into the affected trees, they immediately recovered.

disease, /dɪˈziːz/ N-VAR 疾病;(动植物的)病害

As far back as the 1970s, 早在20世纪70年代。As far back as 早在；远在

gradually turn yellow, 逐渐变黄

lime, /laɪm/ N-UNCOUNT 石灰

calcium hydroxide, 氢氧化钙 /ˈkælsiəm haɪˈdrɒksaɪd/。calcium N-UNCOUNT 钙 。hydroxide (chemistry 化)氢氧化物

proper chemical name, 正确的化学名称。/ˈkemɪkl neɪm/

construction of roads, 道路建设。/kənˈstrʌkʃn/。/rəʊdz/。

preventing the trees from sucking up the iron, 防止树木吸走铁。sucking up /ˈsʌkɪŋ ʌp/。suck /sʌk/ VERB 抽吸，抽取，抽，吸(空气、液体等)。iron /ˈaɪən/ N-UNCOUNT 铁

healthy growth, 健康成长 /ˈhelθi ɡrəʊθ/

this was injected back into the affected trees, 这被注射回受影响的树木中。injected /ɪnˈdʒektɪd/ VERB 添加,注入(某种特性)。 affected /əˈfektɪd/ 受影响的

they immediately recovered, 他们立刻康复了。immediately /ɪˈmiːdiətli/ ADV 立即;马上。recovered /rɪˈkʌvəd/。

But this problem only affected a relatively small number of trees. By 2000, huge numbers of eucalyptus were dying along Australia’s east coast of a disease known as “Bell-miner Associated Die-back”. The bell-miner is a bird and the disease seems to be common where there are high populations of bell-miners. Again, it’s the leaves of the trees that are affected. What happens is that insects settle on the leaves and eat their way round them, destroying them as they go. And at the same time, they secrete a solution which has sugar in it. [Q34] The bell-miner birds really like this solution and in order to get as much as possible, they keep away other creatures that might try to get it. So these birds and insects flourish at the expense of other species, and eventually so much damage is done to the leaves that the tree dies.

a relatively small number of trees, 相对较少的树木。relatively /ˈrelətɪvli/ ADV 相对而言;比较起来;某种程度上

were dying of a disease, 他们死于一种疾病。disease /dɪˈziːz/ N-VAR 疾病;(动植物的)病害。dying /ˈdaɪɪŋ/die的现在分词 die of /daɪ ɒv/ 死于；因……死，死于（疾病、过度悲伤等）

Again, /əˈɡen/ ADV （表示与前一话题相似）同样

insects settle on the leaves, 昆虫栖息在树叶上。insects /ˈɪnsɛkts/ N-COUNT 昆虫;虫。settle on /ˈsetl ɒn/ VERB (鸟、昆虫)降落，栖息。leaves /liːvz/ leaf/liːf/的复数

secrete a solution which has sugar in it, 分泌一种含糖的溶液。secrete /sɪˈkriːt/ VERB 分泌。solution /səˈluːʃn/ N-COUNT 溶液 。

secrete, /sɪˈkriːt/ VERB 分泌

secret, /ˈsiːkrət/ N-COUNT 秘密;机密;内情

keep away other creatures, 让其他生物远离。creatures /ˈkriːtʃəz/

these birds and insects flourish at the expense of other species, 这些鸟类和昆虫以牺牲其他物种为代价繁衍生息。

flourish, /ˈflʌrɪʃ/ VERB (植物或动物)长势好，茁壮成长

at the expense of, /æt ðə ɪkˈspens ɒv/ 以…为代价，以牺牲…的利益为代价

eventually so much damage is done to the leaves that the tree dies, 最终，树叶受到如此大的破坏，以至于树都死了。 so-that句型。

But experts say that trees can start looking sick before any sign of “Bell-miner Associated Die-back. So it looks as if the problem might have another explanation.One possibility is that it’s to do with the huge bushfires that we have in Australia. A theory proposed over 40 years ago by ecologist William Jackson is that the frequency of bushfires in a particular region affects the type of vegetation that grows there. If there are very frequent bushfires in a region, this encourages grass to grow afterwards. [Q35] While, if the bushfires are rather less frequent, this results in the growth of eucalyptus forests.

looking sick, 看起来病了。sick /sɪk/ ADJ-GRADED (常指在生理上，有时也指在精神上)生病的，有病的

have to do with, /hæv tu duː wɪð/ 与…有关，和…有关系

it’s to do with the huge bushfires, 这与巨大的丛林大火有关。it’s = it has。bushfires / ˈbʊʃˌfaɪə / 林区大火

A theory proposed over 40 years ago, 40多年前提出的理论。theory /ˈθɪəri/。proposed /prəˈpəʊzd/ VERB 提出（理论或解释）。

ecologist, 生态学家 /iˈkɒlədʒɪst/

the frequency of bushfires, 丛林大火的频率。frequency /ˈfriːkwənsi/。

in a particular region, 在特定地区 region /ˈriːdʒən/

type of vegetation, 植被类型。/taɪp ɒv ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn/

vegetation, /ˌvedʒəˈteɪʃn/ N-UNCOUNT 植被;植物;草木

encourages grass to grow, 鼓励草生长。grass /ɡrɑːs/。

afterwards, /ˈɑːftəwədz/ ADV （某个事件或已提及的时间）之后

rather less frequent, 频率较低。frequent /ˈfriː.kwənt/ 频繁发生的;常见的 。rather / ˈrɑːðə(r) / ADV 有些;颇为;相当 。

results in the growth of eucalyptus forests, 导致桉树林的生长。growth /ɡrəʊθ/。forests /ˈfɒrɪsts/。

So why is this? Why do fairly frequent bushfires actually support the growth of eucalyptus. Well, one reason is that the fire stops the growth of other species which would consume water needed by eucalyptus trees. [Q36] And there’s another reason, if these other quick growing species of bushes and plants are allowed to proliferate, they harm the eucalyptus in another way by affecting the composition of the soil and removing nutrients from it. [Q37] So some bushfires are actually essential for the eucalyptus to survive as long as they are not too frequent. In fact, there’s evidence that Australia’s indigenous people practised regular burning of bush land for thousands of years before the arrival of the Europeans.

fairly frequent bushfires, 一定程度地频繁的丛林大火。fairly /ˈfeə.li/ more than average, but less than very 相当地；一定程度地

bushes and plants, 灌木和植物 bushes /ˈbʊʃɪz/。plants /plɑːnts/。

are allowed to proliferate, 被允许迅速繁殖。proliferate /prəˈlɪfəreɪt/ [单独使用的动词] 迅速繁殖（或增殖）；猛增

affecting the composition of the soil, 影响土壤成分。composition /ˌkɒmpəˈzɪʃn/ N-UNCOUNT 组成;构成;组合方式

removing nutrients from it, 从（土壤）中去除营养物资。nutrients /ˈnjuːtrɪənts/ N-COUNT 营养物质;养分;滋养物

essential, /ɪˈsenʃl/ ADJ-GRADED 绝对必要的;必不可少的;基本的

as long as they are not too frequent, 只要它们不太频繁

indigenous people, 土著人民。/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs ˈpiːpl/。indigenous /ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/ ADJ 当地的;本土的;土生土长的

practised regular burning of bush land, 定期焚烧灌木丛。bush land /bʊʃ lænd/ 灌木丛；灌丛。practised /ˈpræktɪst/ VERB 奉行（风俗、宗教等活动）；实践（手艺） 。

But since Europeans arrived on the continent, the number of bushfires has been strictly controlled. Now scientists believe that this reduced frequency of bushfires to low levels has led to what is known as “dry rainforest”, [Q38] which seems an odd name as usually we associate tropical rainforest with wet conditions. And what’s special about this type of rainforest? Well, unlike tropical rainforest, which is a rich ecosystem, this type of ecosystem is usually a simple one. [Q39] It has very thick, dense vegetation, but not much variety of species. The vegetation provides lots of shade, so one species that does find it ideal is the bell-miner bird, which builds its nests in the undergrowth there. [Q40] But again, that’s not helpful for the eucalyptus tree.

since Europeans arrived on the continent, 自从欧洲人抵达欧洲大陆以来。Europeans /ˌjʊərəˈpi(ː)ənz/。continent /ˈkɒntɪnənt/。

reduced frequency of bushfires, 减少丛林大火的频率。reduced /rɪˈdjuːst/ 减少的

odd name, 奇怪的名字 。 odd /ɒd/ ADJ-GRADED 奇怪的；古怪的；奇特的；异常的

associate tropical rainforest with wet conditions, 将热带雨林与潮湿条件联系起来。associate /əˈsəʊsieɪt , əˈsəʊsiət/ VERB 联系;联想。 rainforest /ˈreɪnfɒrɪst/(热带)雨林。tropical /ˈtrɒpɪkl/ ADJ 热带的;有热带特征的。

tropical rainforest, /ˈtrɒpɪkl ˈreɪnfɒrɪst/ 热带雨林；雨林

wet conditions, 潮湿条件。wet /wet/。conditions /kənˈdɪʃnz/ N-PLURAL 环境，条件

a rich ecosystem, 丰富的生态系统

thick，dense vegetation, 茂密的植被。

thick, /θɪk/ ADJ-GRADED 浓的;密的;密集的;茂密的。ADJ-GRADED 厚的;粗的

dense, /dens/ ADJ-GRADED 稠密的;密集的

much variety of species, 非常多种类的生物。variety of /vəˈraɪəti ɒv/ 各种各样的

The vegetation provides lots of shade, 植被提供了大量的阴凉处。shade /ʃeɪd/ N-UNCOUNT 阴凉处;背阴;(树)阴

find it ideal, 觉得它很理想

builds its nests in the undergrowth, 在灌木丛中筑巢。nests /nests/ N-COUNT (鸟)巢;(鸟)窝。undergrowth /ˈʌndəɡrəʊθ/ N-UNCOUNT 下层灌丛；矮树丛；林下植物

听力题目

Importance

• it provides shelter and food for a wide range of species
• its leaves provide oil which is used to make a disinfectant

a wide range of species, 各种各样的生物。species /ˈspiːʃiːz/ N-COUNT (动植物的)物种，种

Reasons for present decline in number

• A) Diseases

  • ‘Mundulla Yellows’
    • Cause
      • lime used for making roads was absorbed
      • trees were unable to take in necessary iron through their roots
  • ‘Bell-miner Associated Die-back’
    • Cause
      • insects feed on eucalyptus leaves
      • they secrete a substance containing sugar
      • bell-miner birds are attracted by this and keep away other species

  lime used for making roads was absorbed, 用于修路的石灰被吸收了

  take in necessary iron, 摄入必要的铁。take in /teɪk ɪn/ PHRASAL VERB (人、动物或植物)摄入，吸收。iron /ˈaɪən/

  insects feed on eucalyptus leaves, 昆虫以桉树叶为食。feed on /fiːd ɒn/ 以……为食。eucalyptus /ˌjuːkəˈlɪptəs/。

• B) Bushfires

  • William Jackson’s theory：
    • high-frequency bushfires have impact on vegetation, resulting in the growth of grass
    • mid-frequency bushfires result in the growth of eucalyptus forests, because they：
      • make more water available to the trees
      • maintain the quality of the soil
    • low-frequency bushfires result in the growth of dry rainforest, which is：
      • a simple ecosystem
      • an ideal environment for the nest of the bell-miner

a simple ecosystem, 单一的生态系统。simple /ˈsɪmpl/ （结构）简单的

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